mirror of
https://github.com/introlab/rtabmap.git
synced 2026-09-03 01:50:24 +08:00
rtabmap: fixed support of fixed memory and fixed dictionary (localization-only mode from an already built database) -> updated rtabmap example with "-l" option for localization mode
git-svn-id: http://rtabmap.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/rtabmap@878 f169173b-cf89-36c8-b27e-44dbe73f0c83
This commit is contained in:
@@ -435,10 +435,13 @@ bool Memory::update(const Image & image, std::map<std::string, float> & stats)
|
|||||||
// signature like a parent to the memory tree, otherwise add
|
// signature like a parent to the memory tree, otherwise add
|
||||||
// it as a child to the similar signature.
|
// it as a child to the similar signature.
|
||||||
//============================================================
|
//============================================================
|
||||||
this->rehearsal(signature, stats);
|
if(_incrementalMemory)
|
||||||
t=timer.ticks()*1000;
|
{
|
||||||
stats.insert(std::pair<std::string, float>(std::string("TimingMem/Rehearsal/ms"), t));
|
this->rehearsal(signature, stats);
|
||||||
ULOGGER_DEBUG("time rehearsal=%f ms", t);
|
t=timer.ticks()*1000;
|
||||||
|
stats.insert(std::pair<std::string, float>(std::string("TimingMem/Rehearsal/ms"), t));
|
||||||
|
ULOGGER_DEBUG("time rehearsal=%f ms", t);
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
//============================================================
|
//============================================================
|
||||||
// Transfer the oldest signature of the short-term memory to the working memory
|
// Transfer the oldest signature of the short-term memory to the working memory
|
||||||
@@ -451,7 +454,7 @@ bool Memory::update(const Image & image, std::map<std::string, float> & stats)
|
|||||||
++_signaturesAdded;
|
++_signaturesAdded;
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(!_memoryChanged)
|
if(!_memoryChanged && _incrementalMemory)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
_memoryChanged = true;
|
_memoryChanged = true;
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
@@ -1138,7 +1141,7 @@ int Memory::cleanup(const std::list<int> & ignoredIds)
|
|||||||
// bad signature
|
// bad signature
|
||||||
if(_lastSignature->isBadSignature() || !_incrementalMemory)
|
if(_lastSignature->isBadSignature() || !_incrementalMemory)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
moveToTrash(_lastSignature);
|
moveToTrash(_lastSignature, _incrementalMemory);
|
||||||
++signaturesRemoved;
|
++signaturesRemoved;
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1359,7 +1362,7 @@ void Memory::moveToTrash(Signature * s, bool saveToDatabase)
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
// Remove neighbor links with bad signatures (assuming that is done in cleanup),
|
// Remove neighbor links with bad signatures (assuming that is done in cleanup),
|
||||||
// the bad signatures are always the last signature added.
|
// the bad signatures are always the last signature added.
|
||||||
if(s->isBadSignature())
|
if(s->isBadSignature() || !saveToDatabase)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
const std::set<int> & neighbors = s->getNeighbors();
|
const std::set<int> & neighbors = s->getNeighbors();
|
||||||
for(std::set<int>::const_iterator iter=neighbors.begin(); iter!=neighbors.end(); ++iter)
|
for(std::set<int>::const_iterator iter=neighbors.begin(); iter!=neighbors.end(); ++iter)
|
||||||
@@ -1466,7 +1469,7 @@ bool Memory::addLoopClosureLink(int oldId, int newId)
|
|||||||
ULOGGER_INFO("old=%d, new=%d", oldId, newId);
|
ULOGGER_INFO("old=%d, new=%d", oldId, newId);
|
||||||
Signature * oldS = _getSignature(oldId);
|
Signature * oldS = _getSignature(oldId);
|
||||||
Signature * newS = _getSignature(newId);
|
Signature * newS = _getSignature(newId);
|
||||||
if(oldS && newS)
|
if(oldS && newS && _incrementalMemory)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
const std::set<int> & oldLoopclosureIds = oldS->getLoopClosureIds();
|
const std::set<int> & oldLoopclosureIds = oldS->getLoopClosureIds();
|
||||||
if(oldLoopclosureIds.size() && oldLoopclosureIds.find(newS->id()) != oldLoopclosureIds.end())
|
if(oldLoopclosureIds.size() && oldLoopclosureIds.find(newS->id()) != oldLoopclosureIds.end())
|
||||||
@@ -1612,6 +1615,11 @@ bool Memory::addLoopClosureLink(int oldId, int newId)
|
|||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
UERROR("newId=%d, oldId=%d, Signature %d not found in working/st memories", newId, oldId, oldId);
|
UERROR("newId=%d, oldId=%d, Signature %d not found in working/st memories", newId, oldId, oldId);
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
if(oldS && newS && !_incrementalMemory)
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
// Accept loop closure while we don't add a link
|
||||||
|
return true;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
return false;
|
return false;
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -123,93 +123,97 @@ void VWDictionary::setIncrementalDictionary(bool incrementalDictionary, const st
|
|||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
if(!incrementalDictionary)
|
if(!incrementalDictionary)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
if((!_incrementalDictionary && _dictionaryPath.compare(dictionaryPath) != 0) ||
|
if(!dictionaryPath.empty())
|
||||||
_visualWords.size() == 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
std::ifstream file;
|
if((!_incrementalDictionary && _dictionaryPath.compare(dictionaryPath) != 0) ||
|
||||||
if(!dictionaryPath.empty())
|
_visualWords.size() == 0)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
|
std::ifstream file;
|
||||||
file.open(dictionaryPath.c_str(), std::ifstream::in);
|
file.open(dictionaryPath.c_str(), std::ifstream::in);
|
||||||
}
|
if(file.good())
|
||||||
if(file.good())
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
UDEBUG("Deleting old dictionary and loading the new one from \"%s\"", dictionaryPath.c_str());
|
|
||||||
UTimer timer;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// first line is the header
|
|
||||||
std::string str;
|
|
||||||
std::list<std::string> strList;
|
|
||||||
std::getline(file, str);
|
|
||||||
strList = uSplitNumChar(str);
|
|
||||||
unsigned int dimension = 0;
|
|
||||||
for(std::list<std::string>::iterator iter = strList.begin(); iter != strList.end(); ++iter)
|
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
if(uIsDigit(iter->at(0)))
|
UDEBUG("Deleting old dictionary and loading the new one from \"%s\"", dictionaryPath.c_str());
|
||||||
|
UTimer timer;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
// first line is the header
|
||||||
|
std::string str;
|
||||||
|
std::list<std::string> strList;
|
||||||
|
std::getline(file, str);
|
||||||
|
strList = uSplitNumChar(str);
|
||||||
|
unsigned int dimension = 0;
|
||||||
|
for(std::list<std::string>::iterator iter = strList.begin(); iter != strList.end(); ++iter)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
dimension = std::atoi(iter->c_str());
|
if(uIsDigit(iter->at(0)))
|
||||||
break;
|
{
|
||||||
|
dimension = std::atoi(iter->c_str());
|
||||||
|
break;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(dimension == 0 || dimension > 1000)
|
if(dimension == 0 || dimension > 1000)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
UERROR("Invalid dictionary file, visual word dimension (%d) is not valid, \"%s\"", dimension, dictionaryPath.c_str());
|
UERROR("Invalid dictionary file, visual word dimension (%d) is not valid, \"%s\"", dimension, dictionaryPath.c_str());
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
else
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
// Process all words
|
||||||
|
while(file.good())
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
std::getline(file, str);
|
||||||
|
strList = uSplit(str);
|
||||||
|
if(strList.size() == dimension+1)
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
//first one is the visual word id
|
||||||
|
std::list<std::string>::iterator iter = strList.begin();
|
||||||
|
int id = std::atoi(iter->c_str());
|
||||||
|
std::vector<float> descriptor(dimension);
|
||||||
|
++iter;
|
||||||
|
unsigned int i=0;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
//get descriptor
|
||||||
|
for(;i<dimension && iter != strList.end(); ++i, ++iter)
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
descriptor[i] = std::atof(iter->c_str());
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
if(i != dimension)
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
UERROR("");
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
// laplacian not used
|
||||||
|
VisualWord * vw = new VisualWord(id, &(descriptor[0]), dimension, 0);
|
||||||
|
_visualWords.insert(_visualWords.end(), std::pair<int, VisualWord*>(id, vw));
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
else
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
UWARN("Cannot parse line \"%s\"", str.c_str());
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
this->update();
|
||||||
|
_incrementalDictionary = false;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
UDEBUG("Time changing dictionary = %fs", timer.ticks());
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
else
|
else
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
// Process all words
|
UERROR("Cannot open dictionary file \"%s\"", dictionaryPath.c_str());
|
||||||
while(file.good())
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
std::getline(file, str);
|
|
||||||
strList = uSplit(str);
|
|
||||||
if(strList.size() == dimension+1)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
//first one is the visual word id
|
|
||||||
std::list<std::string>::iterator iter = strList.begin();
|
|
||||||
int id = std::atoi(iter->c_str());
|
|
||||||
std::vector<float> descriptor(dimension);
|
|
||||||
++iter;
|
|
||||||
unsigned int i=0;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
//get descriptor
|
|
||||||
for(;i<dimension && iter != strList.end(); ++i, ++iter)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
descriptor[i] = std::atof(iter->c_str());
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
if(i != dimension)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
UERROR("");
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// laplacian not used
|
|
||||||
VisualWord * vw = new VisualWord(id, &(descriptor[0]), dimension, 0);
|
|
||||||
_visualWords.insert(_visualWords.end(), std::pair<int, VisualWord*>(id, vw));
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
UWARN("Cannot parse line \"%s\"", str.c_str());
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
this->update();
|
|
||||||
_incrementalDictionary = false;
|
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
file.close();
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
UDEBUG("Time changing dictionary = %fs", timer.ticks());
|
else if(!_incrementalDictionary)
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
UDEBUG("Dictionary \"%s\" already loaded...", dictionaryPath.c_str());
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
else
|
else
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
UERROR("Cannot open dictionary file \"%s\"", dictionaryPath.c_str());
|
UERROR("Cannot change to a fixed dictionary if there are already words (%d) in the incremental one.", _visualWords.size());
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
file.close();
|
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
else if(!_incrementalDictionary)
|
else if(_visualWords.size() == 0)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
UDEBUG("Dictionary \"%s\" already loaded...", dictionaryPath.c_str());
|
_incrementalDictionary = false;
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
UERROR("Cannot change to a fixed dictionary if there are already words (%d) in the incremental one.", _visualWords.size());
|
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
else if(incrementalDictionary && !_incrementalDictionary)
|
else if(incrementalDictionary && !_incrementalDictionary)
|
||||||
@@ -358,7 +362,7 @@ void VWDictionary::update()
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
void VWDictionary::clear()
|
void VWDictionary::clear()
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
if(_visualWords.size())
|
if(_visualWords.size() && _incrementalDictionary)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
UWARN("Visual dictionary would be already empty here (%d words still in dictionary).", _visualWords.size());
|
UWARN("Visual dictionary would be already empty here (%d words still in dictionary).", _visualWords.size());
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@
|
|||||||
void showUsage()
|
void showUsage()
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
printf("\nUsage:\n"
|
printf("\nUsage:\n"
|
||||||
"rtabmap-example \"path\"\n"
|
"rtabmap-example [options] \"path\"\n"
|
||||||
" path Path to a directory of images\n ");
|
" path Path to a directory of images\n "
|
||||||
|
" Options:"
|
||||||
|
" -l localization mode: use already built RTAB-Map database to localize\n ");
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
exit(1);
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -35,11 +37,28 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
|
|||||||
//ULogger::setType(ULogger::kTypeConsole);
|
//ULogger::setType(ULogger::kTypeConsole);
|
||||||
//ULogger::setLevel(ULogger::kDebug);
|
//ULogger::setLevel(ULogger::kDebug);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
std::string path;
|
||||||
|
bool localizationMode = false;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(argc < 2)
|
if(argc < 2)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
showUsage();
|
showUsage();
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
std::string path = argv[1];
|
|
||||||
|
for(int i=1; i<argc-1; ++i)
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
if(strcmp(argv[i], "-l") == 0)
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
localizationMode = true;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
else
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
printf("Unrecognized option \"%s\"\n", argv[i]);
|
||||||
|
showUsage();
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
path = argv[argc-1];
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// rtabmap::Camera is simply a convenience wrapper of OpenCV cv::VideoCapture and cv::imread
|
// rtabmap::Camera is simply a convenience wrapper of OpenCV cv::VideoCapture and cv::imread
|
||||||
rtabmap::CameraImages camera(path);
|
rtabmap::CameraImages camera(path);
|
||||||
@@ -66,8 +85,15 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
|
|||||||
// Or SURF hessian treshold:
|
// Or SURF hessian treshold:
|
||||||
// parameters.insert(rtabmap::ParametersPair(rtabmap::Parameters::kSURFHessianThreshold(), "150"));
|
// parameters.insert(rtabmap::ParametersPair(rtabmap::Parameters::kSURFHessianThreshold(), "150"));
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if(localizationMode)
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
parameters.insert(rtabmap::ParametersPair(rtabmap::Parameters::kMemIncrementalMemory(), "false"));
|
||||||
|
parameters.insert(rtabmap::ParametersPair(rtabmap::Parameters::kKpIncrementalDictionary(), "false"));
|
||||||
|
parameters.insert(rtabmap::ParametersPair(rtabmap::Parameters::kMemSTMSize(), "1"));
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Initialize rtabmap: delete/create database...
|
// Initialize rtabmap: delete/create database...
|
||||||
rtabmap.init(parameters);
|
rtabmap.init(parameters, !localizationMode);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Process each image of the directory...
|
// Process each image of the directory...
|
||||||
printf("\nProcessing images... from directory \"%s\"\n", path.c_str());
|
printf("\nProcessing images... from directory \"%s\"\n", path.c_str());
|
||||||
@@ -75,10 +101,11 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
|
|||||||
int countLoopDetected=0;
|
int countLoopDetected=0;
|
||||||
int i=0;
|
int i=0;
|
||||||
cv::Mat img = camera.takeImage();
|
cv::Mat img = camera.takeImage();
|
||||||
|
int nextIndex = rtabmap.getLastLocationId()+1;
|
||||||
while(!img.empty())
|
while(!img.empty())
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
// Process image : Main loop of RTAB-Map
|
// Process image : Main loop of RTAB-Map
|
||||||
rtabmap.process(img);
|
rtabmap.process(img, nextIndex);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Check if a loop closure is detected and print some info
|
// Check if a loop closure is detected and print some info
|
||||||
if(rtabmap.getLoopClosureId())
|
if(rtabmap.getLoopClosureId())
|
||||||
@@ -91,11 +118,11 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
|
|||||||
printf(" #%d ptime(%fs) STM(%d) WM(%d) hyp(%d) value(%.2f) *LOOP %d->%d*\n",
|
printf(" #%d ptime(%fs) STM(%d) WM(%d) hyp(%d) value(%.2f) *LOOP %d->%d*\n",
|
||||||
i,
|
i,
|
||||||
rtabmap.getLastProcessTime(),
|
rtabmap.getLastProcessTime(),
|
||||||
rtabmap.getSTM().size(), // short-term memory
|
(int)rtabmap.getSTM().size(), // short-term memory
|
||||||
rtabmap.getWM().size(), // working memory
|
(int)rtabmap.getWM().size(), // working memory
|
||||||
rtabmap.getLoopClosureId(),
|
rtabmap.getLoopClosureId(),
|
||||||
rtabmap.getLcHypValue(),
|
rtabmap.getLcHypValue(),
|
||||||
rtabmap.getLastLocationId(),
|
nextIndex,
|
||||||
rtabmap.getLoopClosureId());
|
rtabmap.getLoopClosureId());
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
else
|
else
|
||||||
@@ -103,12 +130,14 @@ int main(int argc, char * argv[])
|
|||||||
printf(" #%d ptime(%fs) STM(%d) WM(%d) hyp(%d) value(%.2f)\n",
|
printf(" #%d ptime(%fs) STM(%d) WM(%d) hyp(%d) value(%.2f)\n",
|
||||||
i,
|
i,
|
||||||
rtabmap.getLastProcessTime(),
|
rtabmap.getLastProcessTime(),
|
||||||
rtabmap.getSTM().size(), // short-term memory
|
(int)rtabmap.getSTM().size(), // short-term memory
|
||||||
rtabmap.getWM().size(), // working memory
|
(int)rtabmap.getWM().size(), // working memory
|
||||||
rtabmap.getRetrievedId(), // highest loop closure hypothesis
|
rtabmap.getRetrievedId(), // highest loop closure hypothesis
|
||||||
rtabmap.getLcHypValue());
|
rtabmap.getLcHypValue());
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
++nextIndex;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
//Get next image
|
//Get next image
|
||||||
img = camera.takeImage();
|
img = camera.takeImage();
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ void MainWindow::processStats(const rtabmap::Statistics & stat)
|
|||||||
//means it will never used for a loop closure detection
|
//means it will never used for a loop closure detection
|
||||||
if(_preferencesDialog->isImagesKept())
|
if(_preferencesDialog->isImagesKept())
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
if(stat.loopClosureId()>0 || highestHypothesisId>0)
|
if(stat.loopClosureId()>0 || highestHypothesisId>0 || stat.localLoopClosureId()>0)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
// order -> loop closure id -> local loop closure id -> highest loop closure hyp id
|
// order -> loop closure id -> local loop closure id -> highest loop closure hyp id
|
||||||
int id = stat.loopClosureId()>0?stat.loopClosureId():stat.localLoopClosureId()>0?stat.localLoopClosureId():highestHypothesisId;
|
int id = stat.loopClosureId()>0?stat.loopClosureId():stat.localLoopClosureId()>0?stat.localLoopClosureId():highestHypothesisId;
|
||||||
@@ -506,19 +506,12 @@ void MainWindow::processStats(const rtabmap::Statistics & stat)
|
|||||||
int rejectedHyp = bool(uValue(stat.data(), Statistics::kLoopRejectedHypothesis(), 0.0f));
|
int rejectedHyp = bool(uValue(stat.data(), Statistics::kLoopRejectedHypothesis(), 0.0f));
|
||||||
float highestHypothesisValue = uValue(stat.data(), Statistics::kLoopHighest_hypothesis_value(), 0.0f);
|
float highestHypothesisValue = uValue(stat.data(), Statistics::kLoopHighest_hypothesis_value(), 0.0f);
|
||||||
int matchId = 0;
|
int matchId = 0;
|
||||||
if(highestHypothesisId > 0 || stat.localLoopClosureId())
|
if(highestHypothesisId > 0 || stat.localLoopClosureId()>0)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
bool show = true;
|
bool show = true;
|
||||||
if(stat.loopClosureId() > 0)
|
if(stat.loopClosureId() > 0)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
if(highestHypothesisId != stat.loopClosureId())
|
_ui->imageView_loopClosure->setBackgroundBrush(QBrush(Qt::green));
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
_ui->imageView_loopClosure->setBackgroundBrush(QBrush(Qt::yellow));
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
_ui->imageView_loopClosure->setBackgroundBrush(QBrush(Qt::green));
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
_ui->label_stats_loopClosuresDetected->setText(QString::number(_ui->label_stats_loopClosuresDetected->text().toInt() + 1));
|
_ui->label_stats_loopClosuresDetected->setText(QString::number(_ui->label_stats_loopClosuresDetected->text().toInt() + 1));
|
||||||
if(highestHypothesisIsSaved)
|
if(highestHypothesisIsSaved)
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
@@ -531,7 +524,6 @@ void MainWindow::processStats(const rtabmap::Statistics & stat)
|
|||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
_ui->imageView_loopClosure->setBackgroundBrush(QBrush(Qt::yellow));
|
_ui->imageView_loopClosure->setBackgroundBrush(QBrush(Qt::yellow));
|
||||||
_ui->label_matchId->setText(QString("Local match (%1)").arg(stat.localLoopClosureId()));
|
_ui->label_matchId->setText(QString("Local match (%1)").arg(stat.localLoopClosureId()));
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
else if(rejectedHyp && highestHypothesisValue >= _preferencesDialog->getLoopThr())
|
else if(rejectedHyp && highestHypothesisValue >= _preferencesDialog->getLoopThr())
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user