/*
Copyright (c) 2010-2016, Mathieu Labbe - IntRoLab - Universite de Sherbrooke
All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
      documentation and/or other cv::Materials provided with the distribution.
    * Neither the name of the Universite de Sherbrooke nor the
      names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
      derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

#include "rtabmap/core/util2d.h"

#include <rtabmap/utilite/ULogger.h>
#include <rtabmap/utilite/UMath.h>
#include <rtabmap/utilite/UConversion.h>
#include <rtabmap/utilite/UTimer.h>
#include <rtabmap/utilite/UStl.h>
#include <rtabmap/core/util3d_transforms.h>
#include <rtabmap/core/StereoDense.h>
#include <opencv2/calib3d/calib3d.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp>
#include <opencv2/video/tracking.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc/types_c.h>
#include <map>
#include <Eigen/Core>

#if CV_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
#include <opencv2/photo/photo.hpp>
#endif

namespace rtabmap
{

namespace util2d
{

// SSD: Sum of Squared Differences
float ssd(const cv::Mat & windowLeft, const cv::Mat & windowRight)
{
	UASSERT_MSG(windowLeft.type() == CV_8UC1 || windowLeft.type() == CV_32FC1 || windowLeft.type() == CV_16SC2, uFormat("Type=%d", windowLeft.type()).c_str());
	UASSERT(windowLeft.type() == windowRight.type());
	UASSERT_MSG(windowLeft.rows == windowRight.rows, uFormat("%d vs %d", windowLeft.rows, windowRight.rows).c_str());
	UASSERT_MSG(windowLeft.cols == windowRight.cols, uFormat("%d vs %d", windowLeft.cols, windowRight.cols).c_str());

	float score = 0.0f;
	for(int v=0; v<windowLeft.rows; ++v)
	{
		for(int u=0; u<windowLeft.cols; ++u)
		{
			float s = 0.0f;
			if(windowLeft.type() == CV_8UC1)
			{
				s = float(windowLeft.at<unsigned char>(v,u))-float(windowRight.at<unsigned char>(v,u));
			}
			else if(windowLeft.type() == CV_32FC1)
			{
				s = windowLeft.at<float>(v,u)-windowRight.at<float>(v,u);
			}
			else if(windowLeft.type() == CV_16SC2)
			{
				float sL = float(windowLeft.at<cv::Vec2s>(v,u)[0])*0.5f+float(windowLeft.at<cv::Vec2s>(v,u)[1])*0.5f;
				float sR = float(windowRight.at<cv::Vec2s>(v,u)[0])*0.5f+float(windowRight.at<cv::Vec2s>(v,u)[1])*0.5f;
				s = sL - sR;
			}

			score += s*s;
		}
	}
	return score;
}

// SAD: Sum of Absolute intensity Differences
float sad(const cv::Mat & windowLeft, const cv::Mat & windowRight)
{
	UASSERT_MSG(windowLeft.type() == CV_8UC1 || windowLeft.type() == CV_32FC1 || windowLeft.type() == CV_16SC2, uFormat("Type=%d", windowLeft.type()).c_str());
	UASSERT(windowLeft.type() == windowRight.type());
	UASSERT_MSG(windowLeft.rows == windowRight.rows, uFormat("%d vs %d", windowLeft.rows, windowRight.rows).c_str());
	UASSERT_MSG(windowLeft.cols == windowRight.cols, uFormat("%d vs %d", windowLeft.cols, windowRight.cols).c_str());

	float score = 0.0f;
	for(int v=0; v<windowLeft.rows; ++v)
	{
		for(int u=0; u<windowLeft.cols; ++u)
		{
			if(windowLeft.type() == CV_8UC1)
			{
				score += fabs(float(windowLeft.at<unsigned char>(v,u))-float(windowRight.at<unsigned char>(v,u)));
			}
			else if(windowLeft.type() == CV_32FC1)
			{
				score += fabs(windowLeft.at<float>(v,u)-windowRight.at<float>(v,u));
			}
			else if(windowLeft.type() == CV_16SC2)
			{
				float sL = float(windowLeft.at<cv::Vec2s>(v,u)[0])*0.5f+float(windowLeft.at<cv::Vec2s>(v,u)[1])*0.5f;
				float sR = float(windowRight.at<cv::Vec2s>(v,u)[0])*0.5f+float(windowRight.at<cv::Vec2s>(v,u)[1])*0.5f;
				score += fabs(sL - sR);
			}
		}
	}
	return score;
}

std::vector<cv::Point2f> calcStereoCorrespondences(
		const cv::Mat & leftImage,
		const cv::Mat & rightImage,
		const std::vector<cv::Point2f> & leftCorners,
		std::vector<unsigned char> & status,
		cv::Size winSize,
		int maxLevel,
		int iterations,
		float minDisparityF,
		float maxDisparityF,
		bool ssdApproach)
{
	UDEBUG("winSize=(%d,%d)", winSize.width, winSize.height);
	UDEBUG("maxLevel=%d", maxLevel);
	UDEBUG("minDisparity=%f", minDisparityF);
	UDEBUG("maxDisparity=%f", maxDisparityF);
	UDEBUG("iterations=%d", iterations);
	UDEBUG("ssdApproach=%d", ssdApproach?1:0);
	UASSERT(minDisparityF >= 0.0f && minDisparityF <= maxDisparityF);

	// window should be odd
	if(winSize.width%2 == 0)
	{
		winSize.width+=1;
	}
	if(winSize.height%2 == 0)
	{
		winSize.height+=1;
	}

	cv::Size halfWin((winSize.width-1)/2, (winSize.height-1)/2);

	UTimer timer;
	double pyramidTime = 0.0;
	double disparityTime = 0.0;
	double subpixelTime = 0.0;

	std::vector<cv::Point2f> rightCorners(leftCorners.size());
	std::vector<cv::Mat> leftPyramid, rightPyramid;
	maxLevel =  cv::buildOpticalFlowPyramid( leftImage, leftPyramid, winSize, maxLevel, false);
	maxLevel =  cv::buildOpticalFlowPyramid( rightImage, rightPyramid, winSize, maxLevel, false);
	pyramidTime = timer.ticks();

	status = std::vector<unsigned char>(leftCorners.size(), 0);
	int totalIterations = 0;
	int noSubPixel = 0;
	int added = 0;
	int minDisparity = std::floor(minDisparityF);
	int maxDisparity = std::floor(maxDisparityF);
	for(unsigned int i=0; i<leftCorners.size(); ++i)
	{
		int oi=0;
		float bestScore = -1.0f;
		int bestScoreIndex = -1;
		int tmpMinDisparity = minDisparity;
		int tmpMaxDisparity = maxDisparity;

		int iterationsDone = 0;
		for(int level=maxLevel; level>=0; --level)
		{
			UASSERT(level < (int)leftPyramid.size());

			cv::Point2i center(int(leftCorners[i].x/float(1<<level)), int(leftCorners[i].y/float(1<<level)));

			oi=0;
			bestScore = -1.0f;
			bestScoreIndex = -1;
			int localMaxDisparity = -tmpMaxDisparity / (1<<level);
			int localMinDisparity = -tmpMinDisparity / (1<<level);

			if(center.x-halfWin.width-(level==0?1:0) >=0 && center.x+halfWin.width+(level==0?1:0) < leftPyramid[level].cols &&
			   center.y-halfWin.height >=0 && center.y+halfWin.height < leftPyramid[level].rows)
			{
				cv::Mat windowLeft(leftPyramid[level],
						cv::Range(center.y-halfWin.height,center.y+halfWin.height+1),
						cv::Range(center.x-halfWin.width,center.x+halfWin.width+1));
				int minCol = center.x+localMaxDisparity-halfWin.width;
				if(minCol < 0)
				{
					localMaxDisparity -= minCol;
				}

				if(localMinDisparity > localMaxDisparity)
				{
					int length = localMinDisparity-localMaxDisparity+1;
					std::vector<float> scores = std::vector<float>(length, 0.0f);

					for(int d=localMinDisparity; d>localMaxDisparity; --d)
					{
						++iterationsDone;
						cv::Mat windowRight(rightPyramid[level],
										cv::Range(center.y-halfWin.height,center.y+halfWin.height+1),
										cv::Range(center.x+d-halfWin.width,center.x+d+halfWin.width+1));
						scores[oi] = ssdApproach?ssd(windowLeft, windowRight):sad(windowLeft, windowRight);
						if(scores[oi] > 0 && (bestScore < 0.0f || scores[oi] < bestScore))
						{
							bestScoreIndex = oi;
							bestScore = scores[oi];
						}
						++oi;
					}

					if(oi>1)
					{
						float m = uMean(scores);
						float st = sqrt(uVariance(scores, m));
						if(bestScore > st)
						{
							bestScoreIndex = -1;
						}
					}

					if(bestScoreIndex>=0)
					{
						if(bestScoreIndex>=0 && level>0)
						{
							tmpMaxDisparity = tmpMinDisparity+(bestScoreIndex+1)*(1<<level);
							tmpMaxDisparity+=tmpMaxDisparity%level;
							if(tmpMaxDisparity > maxDisparity)
							{
								tmpMaxDisparity = maxDisparity;
							}
							tmpMinDisparity = tmpMinDisparity+(bestScoreIndex-1)*(1<<level);
							tmpMinDisparity -= tmpMinDisparity%level;
							if(tmpMinDisparity < minDisparity)
							{
								tmpMinDisparity = minDisparity;
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
		disparityTime+=timer.ticks();
		totalIterations+=iterationsDone;

		if(bestScoreIndex>=0)
		{
			//subpixel refining
			int d = -(tmpMinDisparity+bestScoreIndex);

			cv::Mat windowLeft(winSize, CV_32FC1);
			cv::Mat windowRight(winSize, CV_32FC1);
			cv::getRectSubPix(leftPyramid[0],
					winSize,
					leftCorners[i],
					windowLeft,
					windowLeft.type());
			if(leftCorners[i].x != float(int(leftCorners[i].x)))
			{
				//recompute bestScore if the pt is not integer
				cv::getRectSubPix(rightPyramid[0],
						winSize,
						cv::Point2f(leftCorners[i].x+float(d), leftCorners[i].y),
						windowRight,
						windowRight.type());
				bestScore = ssdApproach?ssd(windowLeft, windowRight):sad(windowLeft, windowRight);
			}

			float xc = leftCorners[i].x+float(d);
			float vc = bestScore;
			float step = 0.5f;
			std::map<float, float> cache;
			bool reject = false;
			for(int it=0; it<iterations; ++it)
			{
				float x1 = xc-step;
				float x2 = xc+step;
				float v1 = uValue(cache, x1, 0.0f);
				float v2 = uValue(cache, x2, 0.0f);
				if(v1 == 0.0f)
				{
					cv::getRectSubPix(rightPyramid[0],
							winSize,
							cv::Point2f(x1, leftCorners[i].y),
							windowRight,
							windowRight.type());
					v1 = ssdApproach?ssd(windowLeft, windowRight):sad(windowLeft, windowRight);
				}
				if(v2 == 0.0f)
				{
					cv::getRectSubPix(rightPyramid[0],
							winSize,
							cv::Point2f(x2, leftCorners[i].y),
							windowRight,
							windowRight.type());
					v2 = ssdApproach?ssd(windowLeft, windowRight):sad(windowLeft, windowRight);
				}

				float previousXc = xc;
				float previousVc = vc;

				xc = v1<vc&&v1<v2?x1:v2<vc&&v2<v1?x2:xc;
				vc = v1<vc&&v1<v2?v1:v2<vc&&v2<v1?v2:vc;

				if(previousXc == xc)
				{
					step /= 2.0f;
				}
				else
				{
					cache.insert(std::make_pair(previousXc, previousVc));
				}

				if(/*xc < leftCorners[i].x+float(d)-1.0f || xc > leftCorners[i].x+float(d)+1.0f ||*/
					float(leftCorners[i].x - xc) <= minDisparityF)
				{
					reject = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			rightCorners[i] = cv::Point2f(xc, leftCorners[i].y);
			status[i] = reject?0:1;
			if(!reject)
			{
				if(leftCorners[i].x+float(d) != xc)
				{
					++noSubPixel;
				}
				++added;
			}
		}
		subpixelTime+=timer.ticks();
	}
	UDEBUG("SubPixel=%d/%d added (total=%d)", noSubPixel, added, (int)status.size());
	UDEBUG("totalIterations=%d", totalIterations);
	UDEBUG("Time pyramid = %f s", pyramidTime);
	UDEBUG("Time disparity = %f s", disparityTime);
	UDEBUG("Time sub-pixel = %f s", subpixelTime);

	return rightCorners;
}

typedef float acctype;
typedef float itemtype;
#define  CV_DESCALE(x,n)     (((x) + (1 << ((n)-1))) >> (n))

//
// Adapted from OpenCV cv::calcOpticalFlowPyrLK() to force
// only optical flow on x-axis (assuming that prevImg is the left
// image and nextImg is the right image):
// https://github.com/Itseez/opencv/blob/ddf82d0b154873510802ef75c53e628cd7b2cb13/modules/video/src/lkpyramid.cpp#L1088
//
// The difference is on this line:
// https://github.com/Itseez/opencv/blob/ddf82d0b154873510802ef75c53e628cd7b2cb13/modules/video/src/lkpyramid.cpp#L683-L684
// - cv::Point2f delta( (float)((A12*b2 - A22*b1) * D), (float)((A12*b1 - A11*b2) * D));
// + cv::Point2f delta( (float)((A12*b2 - A22*b1) * D), 0); //<--- note the 0 for y
//
void calcOpticalFlowPyrLKStereo( cv::InputArray _prevImg, cv::InputArray _nextImg,
                           cv::InputArray _prevPts, cv::InputOutputArray _nextPts,
                           cv::OutputArray _status, cv::OutputArray _err,
                           cv::Size winSize, int maxLevel,
                           cv::TermCriteria criteria,
                           int flags, double minEigThreshold )
{
    cv::Mat prevPtsMat = _prevPts.getMat();
    const int derivDepth = cv::DataType<short>::depth;

    CV_Assert( maxLevel >= 0 && winSize.width > 2 && winSize.height > 2 );

    int level=0, i, npoints;
    CV_Assert( (npoints = prevPtsMat.checkVector(2, CV_32F, true)) >= 0 );

    if( npoints == 0 )
    {
        _nextPts.release();
        _status.release();
        _err.release();
        return;
    }

    if( !(flags & cv::OPTFLOW_USE_INITIAL_FLOW) )
        _nextPts.create(prevPtsMat.size(), prevPtsMat.type(), -1, true);

    cv::Mat nextPtsMat = _nextPts.getMat();
    CV_Assert( nextPtsMat.checkVector(2, CV_32F, true) == npoints );

    const cv::Point2f* prevPts = prevPtsMat.ptr<cv::Point2f>();
    cv::Point2f* nextPts = nextPtsMat.ptr<cv::Point2f>();

    _status.create((int)npoints, 1, CV_8U, -1, true);
    cv::Mat statusMat = _status.getMat(), errMat;
    CV_Assert( statusMat.isContinuous() );
    uchar* status = statusMat.ptr();
    float* err = 0;

    for( i = 0; i < npoints; i++ )
        status[i] = true;

    if( _err.needed() )
    {
        _err.create((int)npoints, 1, CV_32F, -1, true);
        errMat = _err.getMat();
        CV_Assert( errMat.isContinuous() );
        err = errMat.ptr<float>();
    }

    std::vector<cv::Mat> prevPyr, nextPyr;
    int levels1 = -1;
    int lvlStep1 = 1;
    int levels2 = -1;
    int lvlStep2 = 1;


    if(_prevImg.kind() != cv::_InputArray::STD_VECTOR_MAT)
	{
		//create pyramid
		maxLevel =  cv::buildOpticalFlowPyramid(_prevImg, prevPyr, winSize, maxLevel, true);
	}
	else if(_prevImg.kind() == cv::_InputArray::STD_VECTOR_MAT)
	{
		_prevImg.getMatVector(prevPyr);
	}

	levels1 = int(prevPyr.size()) - 1;
	CV_Assert(levels1 >= 0);

	if (levels1 % 2 == 1 && prevPyr[0].channels() * 2 == prevPyr[1].channels() && prevPyr[1].depth() == derivDepth)
	{
		lvlStep1 = 2;
		levels1 /= 2;
	}

	// ensure that pyramid has required padding
	if(levels1 > 0)
	{
		cv::Size fullSize;
		cv::Point ofs;
		prevPyr[lvlStep1].locateROI(fullSize, ofs);
		CV_Assert(ofs.x >= winSize.width && ofs.y >= winSize.height
			&& ofs.x + prevPyr[lvlStep1].cols + winSize.width <= fullSize.width
			&& ofs.y + prevPyr[lvlStep1].rows + winSize.height <= fullSize.height);
	}

	if(levels1 < maxLevel)
		maxLevel = levels1;

	if(_nextImg.kind() != cv::_InputArray::STD_VECTOR_MAT)
	{
		//create pyramid
		maxLevel =  cv::buildOpticalFlowPyramid(_nextImg, nextPyr, winSize, maxLevel, false);
	}
	else if(_nextImg.kind() == cv::_InputArray::STD_VECTOR_MAT)
    {
        _nextImg.getMatVector(nextPyr);
    }

	levels2 = int(nextPyr.size()) - 1;
	CV_Assert(levels2 >= 0);

	if (levels2 % 2 == 1 && nextPyr[0].channels() * 2 == nextPyr[1].channels() && nextPyr[1].depth() == derivDepth)
	{
		lvlStep2 = 2;
		levels2 /= 2;
	}

	// ensure that pyramid has required padding
	if(levels2 > 0)
	{
		cv::Size fullSize;
		cv::Point ofs;
		nextPyr[lvlStep2].locateROI(fullSize, ofs);
		CV_Assert(ofs.x >= winSize.width && ofs.y >= winSize.height
			&& ofs.x + nextPyr[lvlStep2].cols + winSize.width <= fullSize.width
			&& ofs.y + nextPyr[lvlStep2].rows + winSize.height <= fullSize.height);
	}

	if(levels2 < maxLevel)
		maxLevel = levels2;

    if( (criteria.type & cv::TermCriteria::COUNT) == 0 )
        criteria.maxCount = 30;
    else
        criteria.maxCount = std::min(std::max(criteria.maxCount, 0), 100);
    if( (criteria.type & cv::TermCriteria::EPS) == 0 )
        criteria.epsilon = 0.01;
    else
        criteria.epsilon = std::min(std::max(criteria.epsilon, 0.), 10.);
    criteria.epsilon *= criteria.epsilon;

    // for all pyramids
    for( level = maxLevel; level >= 0; level-- )
    {
        cv::Mat derivI = prevPyr[level * lvlStep1 + 1];

        CV_Assert(prevPyr[level * lvlStep1].size() == nextPyr[level * lvlStep2].size());
        CV_Assert(prevPyr[level * lvlStep1].type() == nextPyr[level * lvlStep2].type());

        const cv::Mat & prevImg = prevPyr[level * lvlStep1];
        const cv::Mat & prevDeriv = derivI;
        const cv::Mat & nextImg = nextPyr[level * lvlStep2];

        // for all corners
        {
        	cv::Point2f halfWin((winSize.width-1)*0.5f, (winSize.height-1)*0.5f);
			const cv::Mat& I = prevImg;
			const cv::Mat& J = nextImg;
			const cv::Mat& derivI = prevDeriv;

			int j, cn = I.channels(), cn2 = cn*2;
			cv::AutoBuffer<short> _buf(winSize.area()*(cn + cn2));
			int derivDepth = cv::DataType<short>::depth;

			cv::Mat IWinBuf(winSize, CV_MAKETYPE(derivDepth, cn), (short*)_buf);
			cv::Mat derivIWinBuf(winSize, CV_MAKETYPE(derivDepth, cn2), (short*)_buf + winSize.area()*cn);

			for( int ptidx = 0; ptidx < npoints; ptidx++ )
			{
				cv::Point2f prevPt = prevPts[ptidx]*(float)(1./(1 << level));
				cv::Point2f nextPt;
				if( level == maxLevel )
				{
					if( flags & cv::OPTFLOW_USE_INITIAL_FLOW )
						nextPt = nextPts[ptidx]*(float)(1./(1 << level));
					else
						nextPt = prevPt;
				}
				else
					nextPt = nextPts[ptidx]*2.f;
				nextPts[ptidx] = nextPt;

				cv::Point2i iprevPt, inextPt;
				prevPt -= halfWin;
				iprevPt.x = cvFloor(prevPt.x);
				iprevPt.y = cvFloor(prevPt.y);

				if( iprevPt.x < -winSize.width || iprevPt.x >= derivI.cols ||
					iprevPt.y < -winSize.height || iprevPt.y >= derivI.rows )
				{
					if( level == 0 )
					{
						if( status )
							status[ptidx] = false;
						if( err )
							err[ptidx] = 0;
					}
					continue;
				}

				float a = prevPt.x - iprevPt.x;
				float b = prevPt.y - iprevPt.y;
				const int W_BITS = 14, W_BITS1 = 14;
				const float FLT_SCALE = 1.f/(1 << 20);
				int iw00 = cvRound((1.f - a)*(1.f - b)*(1 << W_BITS));
				int iw01 = cvRound(a*(1.f - b)*(1 << W_BITS));
				int iw10 = cvRound((1.f - a)*b*(1 << W_BITS));
				int iw11 = (1 << W_BITS) - iw00 - iw01 - iw10;

				int dstep = (int)(derivI.step/derivI.elemSize1());
				int stepI = (int)(I.step/I.elemSize1());
				int stepJ = (int)(J.step/J.elemSize1());
				acctype iA11 = 0, iA12 = 0, iA22 = 0;
				float A11, A12, A22;

				// extract the patch from the first image, compute covariation cv::Matrix of derivatives
				int x, y;
				for( y = 0; y < winSize.height; y++ )
				{
					const uchar* src = I.ptr() + (y + iprevPt.y)*stepI + iprevPt.x*cn;
					const short* dsrc = derivI.ptr<short>() + (y + iprevPt.y)*dstep + iprevPt.x*cn2;

					short* Iptr = IWinBuf.ptr<short>(y);
					short* dIptr = derivIWinBuf.ptr<short>(y);

					x = 0;

					for( ; x < winSize.width*cn; x++, dsrc += 2, dIptr += 2 )
					{
						int ival = CV_DESCALE(src[x]*iw00 + src[x+cn]*iw01 +
											  src[x+stepI]*iw10 + src[x+stepI+cn]*iw11, W_BITS1-5);
						int ixval = CV_DESCALE(dsrc[0]*iw00 + dsrc[cn2]*iw01 +
											   dsrc[dstep]*iw10 + dsrc[dstep+cn2]*iw11, W_BITS1);
						int iyval = CV_DESCALE(dsrc[1]*iw00 + dsrc[cn2+1]*iw01 + dsrc[dstep+1]*iw10 +
											   dsrc[dstep+cn2+1]*iw11, W_BITS1);

						Iptr[x] = (short)ival;
						dIptr[0] = (short)ixval;
						dIptr[1] = (short)iyval;

						iA11 += (itemtype)(ixval*ixval);
						iA12 += (itemtype)(ixval*iyval);
						iA22 += (itemtype)(iyval*iyval);
					}
				}

				A11 = iA11*FLT_SCALE;
				A12 = iA12*FLT_SCALE;
				A22 = iA22*FLT_SCALE;

				float D = A11*A22 - A12*A12;
				float minEig = (A22 + A11 - std::sqrt((A11-A22)*(A11-A22) +
								4.f*A12*A12))/(2*winSize.width*winSize.height);

				if( err && (flags & cv::OPTFLOW_LK_GET_MIN_EIGENVALS) != 0 )
					err[ptidx] = (float)minEig;

				if( minEig < minEigThreshold || D < FLT_EPSILON )
				{
					if( level == 0 && status )
						status[ptidx] = false;
					continue;
				}

				D = 1.f/D;

				nextPt -= halfWin;
				cv::Point2f prevDelta;

				for( j = 0; j < criteria.maxCount; j++ )
				{
					inextPt.x = cvFloor(nextPt.x);
					inextPt.y = cvFloor(nextPt.y);

					if( inextPt.x < -winSize.width || inextPt.x >= J.cols ||
					   inextPt.y < -winSize.height || inextPt.y >= J.rows )
					{
						if( level == 0 && status )
							status[ptidx] = false;
						break;
					}

					a = nextPt.x - inextPt.x;
					b = nextPt.y - inextPt.y;
					iw00 = cvRound((1.f - a)*(1.f - b)*(1 << W_BITS));
					iw01 = cvRound(a*(1.f - b)*(1 << W_BITS));
					iw10 = cvRound((1.f - a)*b*(1 << W_BITS));
					iw11 = (1 << W_BITS) - iw00 - iw01 - iw10;
					acctype ib1 = 0, ib2 = 0;
					float b1, b2;

					for( y = 0; y < winSize.height; y++ )
					{
						const uchar* Jptr = J.ptr() + (y + inextPt.y)*stepJ + inextPt.x*cn;
						const short* Iptr = IWinBuf.ptr<short>(y);
						const short* dIptr = derivIWinBuf.ptr<short>(y);

						x = 0;

						for( ; x < winSize.width*cn; x++, dIptr += 2 )
						{
							int diff = CV_DESCALE(Jptr[x]*iw00 + Jptr[x+cn]*iw01 +
												  Jptr[x+stepJ]*iw10 + Jptr[x+stepJ+cn]*iw11,
												  W_BITS1-5) - Iptr[x];
							ib1 += (itemtype)(diff*dIptr[0]);
							ib2 += (itemtype)(diff*dIptr[1]);
						}
					}

					b1 = ib1*FLT_SCALE;
					b2 = ib2*FLT_SCALE;

					cv::Point2f delta( (float)((A12*b2 - A22*b1) * D),
								  0);//(float)((A12*b1 - A11*b2) * D)); // MODIFICATION
					//delta = -delta;

					nextPt += delta;
					nextPts[ptidx] = nextPt + halfWin;

					if( delta.ddot(delta) <= criteria.epsilon )
						break;

					if( j > 0 && std::abs(delta.x + prevDelta.x) < 0.01 &&
					   std::abs(delta.y + prevDelta.y) < 0.01 )
					{
						nextPts[ptidx] -= delta*0.5f;
						break;
					}
					prevDelta = delta;
				}

				if( status[ptidx] && err && level == 0 && (flags & cv::OPTFLOW_LK_GET_MIN_EIGENVALS) == 0 )
				{
					cv::Point2f nextPoint = nextPts[ptidx] - halfWin;
					cv::Point inextPoint;

					inextPoint.x = cvFloor(nextPoint.x);
					inextPoint.y = cvFloor(nextPoint.y);

					if( inextPoint.x < -winSize.width || inextPoint.x >= J.cols ||
						inextPoint.y < -winSize.height || inextPoint.y >= J.rows )
					{
						if( status )
							status[ptidx] = false;
						continue;
					}

					float aa = nextPoint.x - inextPoint.x;
					float bb = nextPoint.y - inextPoint.y;
					iw00 = cvRound((1.f - aa)*(1.f - bb)*(1 << W_BITS));
					iw01 = cvRound(aa*(1.f - bb)*(1 << W_BITS));
					iw10 = cvRound((1.f - aa)*bb*(1 << W_BITS));
					iw11 = (1 << W_BITS) - iw00 - iw01 - iw10;
					float errval = 0.f;

					for( y = 0; y < winSize.height; y++ )
					{
						const uchar* Jptr = J.ptr() + (y + inextPoint.y)*stepJ + inextPoint.x*cn;
						const short* Iptr = IWinBuf.ptr<short>(y);

						for( x = 0; x < winSize.width*cn; x++ )
						{
							int diff = CV_DESCALE(Jptr[x]*iw00 + Jptr[x+cn]*iw01 +
												  Jptr[x+stepJ]*iw10 + Jptr[x+stepJ+cn]*iw11,
												  W_BITS1-5) - Iptr[x];
							errval += std::abs((float)diff);
						}
					}
					err[ptidx] = errval * 1.f/(32*winSize.width*cn*winSize.height);
				}
			}
        }

    }
}

cv::Mat disparityFromStereoImages(
		const cv::Mat & leftImage,
		const cv::Mat & rightImage,
		const ParametersMap & parameters)
{
	UASSERT(!leftImage.empty() && !rightImage.empty());
	UASSERT(leftImage.cols == rightImage.cols && leftImage.rows == rightImage.rows);
	UASSERT((leftImage.type() == CV_8UC1 || leftImage.type() == CV_8UC3) && rightImage.type() == CV_8UC1);

	cv::Mat leftMono;
	if(leftImage.channels() == 3)
	{
		cv::cvtColor(leftImage, leftMono, CV_BGR2GRAY);
	}
	else
	{
		leftMono = leftImage;
	}
	cv::Mat disparity;
	StereoDense * stereo = StereoDense::create(parameters);
	disparity = stereo->computeDisparity(leftMono, rightImage);
	delete stereo;
	return disparity;
}

cv::Mat depthFromDisparity(const cv::Mat & disparity,
		float fx, float baseline,
		int type)
{
	UASSERT(!disparity.empty() && (disparity.type() == CV_32FC1 || disparity.type() == CV_16SC1));
	UASSERT(type == CV_32FC1 || type == CV_16UC1);
	cv::Mat depth = cv::Mat::zeros(disparity.rows, disparity.cols, type);
	int countOverMax = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < disparity.rows; i++)
	{
		for (int j = 0; j < disparity.cols; j++)
		{
			float disparity_value = disparity.type() == CV_16SC1?float(disparity.at<short>(i,j))/16.0f:disparity.at<float>(i,j);
			if (disparity_value > 0.0f)
			{
				// baseline * focal / disparity
				float d = baseline * fx / disparity_value;
				if(d>0)
				{
					if(depth.type() == CV_32FC1)
					{
						depth.at<float>(i,j) = d;
					}
					else
					{
						if(d*1000.0f <= (float)USHRT_MAX)
						{
							depth.at<unsigned short>(i,j) = (unsigned short)(d*1000.0f);
						}
						else
						{
							++countOverMax;
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if(countOverMax)
	{
		UWARN("Depth conversion error, %d depth values ignored because they are over the maximum depth allowed (65535 mm).", countOverMax);
	}
	return depth;
}

cv::Mat depthFromStereoImages(
		const cv::Mat & leftImage,
		const cv::Mat & rightImage,
		const std::vector<cv::Point2f> & leftCorners,
		float fx,
		float baseline,
		int flowWinSize,
		int flowMaxLevel,
		int flowIterations,
		double flowEps)
{
	UASSERT(!leftImage.empty() && !rightImage.empty() &&
			leftImage.type() == CV_8UC1 && rightImage.type() == CV_8UC1 &&
			leftImage.cols == rightImage.cols &&
			leftImage.rows == rightImage.rows);
	UASSERT(fx > 0.0f && baseline > 0.0f);

	// Find features in the new left image
	std::vector<unsigned char> status;
	std::vector<float> err;
	std::vector<cv::Point2f> rightCorners;
	UDEBUG("cv::calcOpticalFlowPyrLK() begin");
	cv::calcOpticalFlowPyrLK(
			leftImage,
			rightImage,
			leftCorners,
			rightCorners,
			status,
			err,
			cv::Size(flowWinSize, flowWinSize), flowMaxLevel,
			cv::TermCriteria(cv::TermCriteria::COUNT+cv::TermCriteria::EPS, flowIterations, flowEps),
			cv::OPTFLOW_LK_GET_MIN_EIGENVALS, 1e-4);
	UDEBUG("cv::calcOpticalFlowPyrLK() end");

	return depthFromStereoCorrespondences(leftImage, leftCorners, rightCorners, status, fx, baseline);
}

cv::Mat disparityFromStereoCorrespondences(
		const cv::Size & disparitySize,
		const std::vector<cv::Point2f> & leftCorners,
		const std::vector<cv::Point2f> & rightCorners,
		const std::vector<unsigned char> & mask)
{
	UASSERT(leftCorners.size() == rightCorners.size());
	UASSERT(mask.size() == 0 || mask.size() == leftCorners.size());
	cv::Mat disparity = cv::Mat::zeros(disparitySize, CV_32FC1);
	for(unsigned int i=0; i<leftCorners.size(); ++i)
	{
		if(mask.empty() || mask[i])
		{
			cv::Point2i dispPt(int(leftCorners[i].y+0.5f), int(leftCorners[i].x+0.5f));
			UASSERT(dispPt.x >= 0 && dispPt.x < disparitySize.width);
			UASSERT(dispPt.y >= 0 && dispPt.y < disparitySize.height);
			disparity.at<float>(dispPt.y, dispPt.x) = leftCorners[i].x - rightCorners[i].x;
		}
	}
	return disparity;
}

cv::Mat depthFromStereoCorrespondences(
		const cv::Mat & leftImage,
		const std::vector<cv::Point2f> & leftCorners,
		const std::vector<cv::Point2f> & rightCorners,
		const std::vector<unsigned char> & mask,
		float fx, float baseline)
{
	UASSERT(!leftImage.empty() && leftCorners.size() == rightCorners.size());
	UASSERT(mask.size() == 0 || mask.size() == leftCorners.size());
	cv::Mat depth = cv::Mat::zeros(leftImage.rows, leftImage.cols, CV_32FC1);
	for(unsigned int i=0; i<leftCorners.size(); ++i)
	{
		if(mask.size() == 0 || mask[i])
		{
			float disparity = leftCorners[i].x - rightCorners[i].x;
			if(disparity > 0.0f)
			{
				float d = baseline * fx / disparity;
				depth.at<float>(int(leftCorners[i].y+0.5f), int(leftCorners[i].x+0.5f)) = d;
			}
		}
	}
	return depth;
}

cv::Mat cvtDepthFromFloat(const cv::Mat & depth32F)
{
	UASSERT(depth32F.empty() || depth32F.type() == CV_32FC1);
	cv::Mat depth16U;
	if(!depth32F.empty())
	{
		depth16U = cv::Mat(depth32F.rows, depth32F.cols, CV_16UC1);
		int countOverMax = 0;
		for(int i=0; i<depth32F.rows; ++i)
		{
			for(int j=0; j<depth32F.cols; ++j)
			{
				float depth = (depth32F.at<float>(i,j)*1000.0f);
				unsigned short depthMM = 0;
				if(depth > 0 && depth <= (float)USHRT_MAX)
				{
					depthMM = (unsigned short)depth;
				}
				else if(depth > (float)USHRT_MAX)
				{
					++countOverMax;
				}
				depth16U.at<unsigned short>(i, j) = depthMM;
			}
		}
		if(countOverMax)
		{
			UWARN("Depth conversion error, %d depth values ignored because "
				  "they are over the maximum depth allowed (65535 mm). Is the depth "
				  "image really in meters? 32 bits images should be in meters, "
				  "and 16 bits should be in mm.", countOverMax);
		}
	}
	return depth16U;
}

cv::Mat cvtDepthToFloat(const cv::Mat & depth16U)
{
	UASSERT(depth16U.empty() || depth16U.type() == CV_16UC1);
	cv::Mat depth32F;
	if(!depth16U.empty())
	{
		depth32F = cv::Mat(depth16U.rows, depth16U.cols, CV_32FC1);
		for(int i=0; i<depth16U.rows; ++i)
		{
			for(int j=0; j<depth16U.cols; ++j)
			{
				float depth = float(depth16U.at<unsigned short>(i,j))/1000.0f;
				depth32F.at<float>(i, j) = depth;
			}
		}
	}
	return depth32F;
}

float getDepth(
		const cv::Mat & depthImage,
		float x, float y,
		bool smoothing,
		float depthErrorRatio,
		bool estWithNeighborsIfNull)
{
	UASSERT(!depthImage.empty());
	UASSERT(depthImage.type() == CV_16UC1 || depthImage.type() == CV_32FC1);

	int u = int(x+0.5f);
	int v = int(y+0.5f);
	if(u == depthImage.cols && x<float(depthImage.cols))
	{
		u = depthImage.cols - 1;
	}
	if(v == depthImage.rows && y<float(depthImage.rows))
	{
		v = depthImage.rows - 1;
	}

	if(!(u >=0 && u<depthImage.cols && v >=0 && v<depthImage.rows))
	{
		UDEBUG("!(x >=0 && x<depthImage.cols && y >=0 && y<depthImage.rows) cond failed! returning bad point. (x=%f (u=%d), y=%f (v=%d), cols=%d, rows=%d)",
				x,u,y,v,depthImage.cols, depthImage.rows);
		return 0;
	}

	bool isInMM = depthImage.type() == CV_16UC1; // is in mm?

	// Inspired from RGBDFrame::getGaussianMixtureDistribution() method from
	// https://github.com/ccny-ros-pkg/rgbdtools/blob/master/src/rgbd_frame.cpp
	// Window weights:
	//  | 1 | 2 | 1 |
	//  | 2 | 4 | 2 |
	//  | 1 | 2 | 1 |
	int u_start = std::max(u-1, 0);
	int v_start = std::max(v-1, 0);
	int u_end = std::min(u+1, depthImage.cols-1);
	int v_end = std::min(v+1, depthImage.rows-1);

	float depth = 0.0f;
	if(isInMM)
	{
		if(depthImage.at<unsigned short>(v,u) > 0 &&
		   depthImage.at<unsigned short>(v,u) < std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max())
		{
			depth = float(depthImage.at<unsigned short>(v,u))*0.001f;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		depth = depthImage.at<float>(v,u);
	}

	if((depth==0.0f || !uIsFinite(depth)) && estWithNeighborsIfNull)
	{
		// all cells no2 must be under the zError to be accepted
		float tmp = 0.0f;
		int count = 0;
		for(int uu = u_start; uu <= u_end; ++uu)
		{
			for(int vv = v_start; vv <= v_end; ++vv)
			{
				if((uu == u && vv!=v) || (uu != u && vv==v))
				{
					float d = 0.0f;
					if(isInMM)
					{
						if(depthImage.at<unsigned short>(vv,uu) > 0 &&
						   depthImage.at<unsigned short>(vv,uu) < std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max())
						{
							d = float(depthImage.at<unsigned short>(vv,uu))*0.001f;
						}
					}
					else
					{
						d = depthImage.at<float>(vv,uu);
					}
					if(d!=0.0f && uIsFinite(d))
					{
						if(tmp == 0.0f)
						{
							tmp = d;
							++count;
						}
						else
						{
							float depthError = depthErrorRatio * tmp;
							if(fabs(d - tmp/float(count)) < depthError)

							{
								tmp += d;
								++count;
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
		if(count > 1)
		{
			depth = tmp/float(count);
		}
	}

	if(depth!=0.0f && uIsFinite(depth))
	{
		if(smoothing)
		{
			float sumWeights = 0.0f;
			float sumDepths = 0.0f;
			for(int uu = u_start; uu <= u_end; ++uu)
			{
				for(int vv = v_start; vv <= v_end; ++vv)
				{
					if(!(uu == u && vv == v))
					{
						float d = 0.0f;
						if(isInMM)
						{
							if(depthImage.at<unsigned short>(vv,uu) > 0 &&
							   depthImage.at<unsigned short>(vv,uu) < std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max())
							{
								d = float(depthImage.at<unsigned short>(vv,uu))*0.001f;
							}
						}
						else
						{
							d = depthImage.at<float>(vv,uu);
						}

						float depthError = depthErrorRatio * depth;

						// ignore if not valid or depth difference is too high
						if(d != 0.0f && uIsFinite(d) && fabs(d - depth) < depthError)
						{
							if(uu == u || vv == v)
							{
								sumWeights+=2.0f;
								d*=2.0f;
							}
							else
							{
								sumWeights+=1.0f;
							}
							sumDepths += d;
						}
					}
				}
			}
			// set window weight to center point
			depth *= 4.0f;
			sumWeights += 4.0f;

			// mean
			depth = (depth+sumDepths)/sumWeights;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		depth = 0;
	}
	return depth;
}

cv::Rect computeRoi(const cv::Mat & image, const std::string & roiRatios)
{
	return computeRoi(image.size(), roiRatios);
}

cv::Rect computeRoi(const cv::Size & imageSize, const std::string & roiRatios)
{
	std::list<std::string> strValues = uSplit(roiRatios, ' ');
	if(strValues.size() != 4)
	{
		UERROR("The number of values must be 4 (roi=\"%s\")", roiRatios.c_str());
	}
	else
	{
		std::vector<float> values(4);
		unsigned int i=0;
		for(std::list<std::string>::iterator iter = strValues.begin(); iter!=strValues.end(); ++iter)
		{
			values[i] = uStr2Float(*iter);
			++i;
		}

		if(values[0] >= 0 && values[0] < 1 && values[0] < 1.0f-values[1] &&
			values[1] >= 0 && values[1] < 1 && values[1] < 1.0f-values[0] &&
			values[2] >= 0 && values[2] < 1 && values[2] < 1.0f-values[3] &&
			values[3] >= 0 && values[3] < 1 && values[3] < 1.0f-values[2])
		{
			return computeRoi(imageSize, values);
		}
		else
		{
			UERROR("The roi ratios are not valid (roi=\"%s\")", roiRatios.c_str());
		}
	}
	return cv::Rect();
}

cv::Rect computeRoi(const cv::Mat & image, const std::vector<float> & roiRatios)
{
	return computeRoi(image.size(), roiRatios);
}

cv::Rect computeRoi(const cv::Size & imageSize, const std::vector<float> & roiRatios)
{
	if(imageSize.height!=0 && imageSize.width!= 0 && roiRatios.size() == 4)
	{
		float width = imageSize.width;
		float height = imageSize.height;
		cv::Rect roi(0, 0, width, height);
		UDEBUG("roi ratios = %f, %f, %f, %f", roiRatios[0],roiRatios[1],roiRatios[2],roiRatios[3]);
		UDEBUG("roi = %d, %d, %d, %d", roi.x, roi.y, roi.width, roi.height);

		//left roi
		if(roiRatios[0] > 0 && roiRatios[0] < 1.0f - roiRatios[1])
		{
			roi.x = width * roiRatios[0];
		}

		//right roi
		if(roiRatios[1] > 0 && roiRatios[1] < 1.0f - roiRatios[0])
		{
			roi.width -= width * roiRatios[1];
		}
		roi.width -= roi.x;

		//top roi
		if(roiRatios[2] > 0 && roiRatios[2] < 1.0f - roiRatios[3])
		{
			roi.y = height * roiRatios[2];
		}

		//bottom roi
		if(roiRatios[3] > 0 && roiRatios[3] < 1.0f - roiRatios[2])
		{
			roi.height -= height * roiRatios[3];
		}
		roi.height -= roi.y;
		UDEBUG("roi = %d, %d, %d, %d", roi.x, roi.y, roi.width, roi.height);

		return roi;
	}
	else
	{
		UERROR("Image is null or _roiRatios(=%d) != 4", roiRatios.size());
		return cv::Rect();
	}
}

cv::Mat decimate(const cv::Mat & image, int decimation)
{
	UASSERT(decimation >= 1);
	cv::Mat out;
	if(!image.empty())
	{
		if(decimation > 1)
		{
			if((image.type() == CV_32FC1 || image.type()==CV_16UC1))
			{
				UASSERT_MSG(image.rows % decimation == 0 && image.cols % decimation == 0,
						uFormat("Decimation of depth images should be exact! (decimation=%d, size=%dx%d)",
						decimation, image.cols, image.rows).c_str());

				out = cv::Mat(image.rows/decimation, image.cols/decimation, image.type());
				if(image.type() == CV_32FC1)
				{
					for(int j=0; j<out.rows; ++j)
					{
						for(int i=0; i<out.cols; ++i)
						{
							out.at<float>(j, i) = image.at<float>(j*decimation, i*decimation);
						}
					}
				}
				else // CV_16UC1
				{
					for(int j=0; j<out.rows; ++j)
					{
						for(int i=0; i<out.cols; ++i)
						{
							out.at<unsigned short>(j, i) = image.at<unsigned short>(j*decimation, i*decimation);
						}
					}
				}
			}
			else
			{
				cv::resize(image, out, cv::Size(), 1.0f/float(decimation), 1.0f/float(decimation), cv::INTER_AREA);
			}
		}
		else
		{
			out = image;
		}
	}
	return out;
}

cv::Mat interpolate(const cv::Mat & image, int factor, float depthErrorRatio)
{
	UASSERT_MSG(factor >= 1, uFormat("factor=%d", factor).c_str());
	cv::Mat out;
	if(!image.empty())
	{
		if(factor > 1)
		{
			if((image.type() == CV_32FC1 || image.type()==CV_16UC1))
			{
				UASSERT(depthErrorRatio>0.0f);
				out = cv::Mat::zeros(image.rows*factor, image.cols*factor, image.type());
				for(int j=0; j<out.rows; j+=factor)
				{
					for(int i=0; i<out.cols; i+=factor)
					{
						if(i>0 && j>0)
						{
							float dTopLeft;
							float dTopRight;
							float dBottomLeft;
							float dBottomRight;
							if(image.type() == CV_32FC1)
							{
								dTopLeft = image.at<float>(j/factor-1, i/factor-1);
								dTopRight = image.at<float>(j/factor-1, i/factor);
								dBottomLeft = image.at<float>(j/factor, i/factor-1);
								dBottomRight = image.at<float>(j/factor, i/factor);
							}
							else
							{
								dTopLeft = image.at<unsigned short>(j/factor-1, i/factor-1);
								dTopRight = image.at<unsigned short>(j/factor-1, i/factor);
								dBottomLeft = image.at<unsigned short>(j/factor, i/factor-1);
								dBottomRight = image.at<unsigned short>(j/factor, i/factor);
							}

							if(dTopLeft>0 && dTopRight>0 && dBottomLeft>0 && dBottomRight > 0)
							{
								float depthError = depthErrorRatio*(dTopLeft+dTopRight+dBottomLeft+dBottomRight)/4.0f;
								if(fabs(dTopLeft-dTopRight) <= depthError &&
								   fabs(dTopLeft-dBottomLeft) <= depthError &&
								   fabs(dTopLeft-dBottomRight) <= depthError)
								{
									// bilinear interpolation
									// do first and last rows then columns
									float slopeTop = (dTopRight-dTopLeft)/float(factor);
									float slopeBottom = (dBottomRight-dBottomLeft)/float(factor);
									if(image.type() == CV_32FC1)
									{
										for(int z=i-factor; z<=i; ++z)
										{
											out.at<float>(j-factor, z) = dTopLeft+(slopeTop*float(z-(i-factor)));
											out.at<float>(j, z) = dBottomLeft+(slopeBottom*float(z-(i-factor)));
										}
									}
									else
									{
										for(int z=i-factor; z<=i; ++z)
										{
											out.at<unsigned short>(j-factor, z) = (unsigned short)(dTopLeft+(slopeTop*float(z-(i-factor))));
											out.at<unsigned short>(j, z) = (unsigned short)(dBottomLeft+(slopeBottom*float(z-(i-factor))));
										}
									}

									// fill the columns
									if(image.type() == CV_32FC1)
									{
										for(int z=i-factor; z<=i; ++z)
										{
											float top = out.at<float>(j-factor, z);
											float bottom = out.at<float>(j, z);
											float slope = (bottom-top)/float(factor);
											for(int d=j-factor+1; d<j; ++d)
											{
												out.at<float>(d, z) = top+(slope*float(d-(j-factor)));
											}
										}
									}
									else
									{
										for(int z=i-factor; z<=i; ++z)
										{
											float top = out.at<unsigned short>(j-factor, z);
											float bottom = out.at<unsigned short>(j, z);
											float slope = (bottom-top)/float(factor);
											for(int d=j-factor+1; d<j; ++d)
											{
												out.at<unsigned short>(d, z) = (unsigned short)(top+(slope*float(d-(j-factor))));
											}
										}
									}
								}
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
			else
			{
				cv::resize(image, out, cv::Size(), float(factor), float(factor));
			}
		}
		else
		{
			out = image;
		}
	}
	return out;
}

// Registration Depth to RGB (return registered depth image)
cv::Mat registerDepth(
	const cv::Mat & depth,
	const cv::Mat & depthK,
	const cv::Size & colorSize,
	const cv::Mat & colorK,
	const rtabmap::Transform & transform)
{
	cv::Mat tmp;
	return registerDepth(
		depth,
		cv::Mat(),
		depthK,
		colorSize,
		colorK,
		transform,
		tmp);
}
cv::Mat registerDepth(
		const cv::Mat & depth,
		const cv::Mat & confidence,
		const cv::Mat & depthK,
		const cv::Size & colorSize,
		const cv::Mat & colorK,
		const rtabmap::Transform & transform,
		cv::Mat & registeredConfidence)
{
	UASSERT(!transform.isNull());
	UASSERT(!depth.empty());
	UASSERT(depth.type() == CV_16UC1 || depth.type() == CV_32FC1); // mm or m
	UASSERT(depthK.type() == CV_64FC1 && depthK.cols == 3 && depthK.cols == 3);
	UASSERT(colorK.type() == CV_64FC1 && colorK.cols == 3 && colorK.cols == 3);
	UASSERT(confidence.empty() || (confidence.size() == depth.size() && confidence.type()==CV_8UC1));

	float fx = depthK.at<double>(0,0);
	float fy = depthK.at<double>(1,1);
	float cx = depthK.at<double>(0,2);
	float cy = depthK.at<double>(1,2);

	float rfx = colorK.at<double>(0,0);
	float rfy = colorK.at<double>(1,1);
	float rcx = colorK.at<double>(0,2);
	float rcy = colorK.at<double>(1,2);

	//UDEBUG("depth(%dx%d) fx=%f fy=%f cx=%f cy=%f", depth.cols, depth.rows, fx, fy, cx, cy);
	//UDEBUG("color(%dx%d) fx=%f fy=%f cx=%f cy=%f", colorSize.width, colorSize.height, rfx, rfy, rcx, rcy);

	Eigen::Affine3f proj = transform.toEigen3f();
	Eigen::Vector4f P4,P3;
	P4[3] = 1;
	cv::Mat registered = cv::Mat::zeros(colorSize, depth.type());
	registeredConfidence = cv::Mat();
	if(!confidence.empty())
	{
		registeredConfidence = cv::Mat::zeros(colorSize, confidence.type());
	}

	bool depthInMM = depth.type() == CV_16UC1;
	for(int y=0; y<depth.rows; ++y)
	{
		const unsigned char * confPtr = 0;
		if(!confidence.empty()) {
			confPtr = confidence.ptr<unsigned char>(y);
		}
		for(int x=0; x<depth.cols; ++x)
		{
			//filtering
			float dz = depthInMM?float(depth.at<unsigned short>(y,x))*0.001f:depth.at<float>(y,x); // put in meter for projection
			if(dz>=0.0f)
			{
				// Project to 3D
				P4[0] = (x - cx) * dz / fx; // Optimization: we could have (x-cx)/fx in a lookup table
				P4[1] = (y - cy) * dz / fy; // Optimization: we could have (y-cy)/fy in a lookup table
				P4[2] = dz;

				P3 = proj * P4;
				float z = P3[2];
				float invZ = 1.0f/z;
				int dx = (rfx*P3[0])*invZ + rcx;
				int dy = (rfy*P3[1])*invZ + rcy;

				if(uIsInBounds(dx, 0, registered.cols) && uIsInBounds(dy, 0, registered.rows))
				{
					if(depthInMM)
					{
						unsigned short z16 = z * 1000; //mm
						unsigned short &zReg = registered.at<unsigned short>(dy, dx);
						if(zReg == 0 || z16 < zReg)
						{
							zReg = z16;
							if(confPtr) {
								registeredConfidence.at<unsigned char>(dy, dx) = confPtr[x];
							}
						}
					}
					else
					{
						float &zReg = registered.at<float>(dy, dx);
						if(zReg == 0 || z < zReg)
						{
							zReg = z;
							if(confPtr) {
								registeredConfidence.at<unsigned char>(dy, dx) = confPtr[x];
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return registered;
}

cv::Mat fillDepthHoles(const cv::Mat & depth, int maximumHoleSize, float errorRatio)
{
	UASSERT(depth.type() == CV_16UC1 || depth.type() == CV_32FC1);
	UASSERT(maximumHoleSize > 0);
	cv::Mat output = depth.clone();
	bool isMM = depth.type() == CV_16UC1;
	for(int y=0; y<depth.rows-2; ++y)
	{
		for(int x=0; x<depth.cols-2; ++x)
		{
			float a, bRight, bDown;
			if(isMM)
			{
				a = depth.at<unsigned short>(y, x);
				bRight = depth.at<unsigned short>(y, x+1);
				bDown = depth.at<unsigned short>(y+1, x);
			}
			else
			{
				a = depth.at<float>(y, x);
				bRight = depth.at<float>(y, x+1);
				bDown = depth.at<float>(y+1, x);
			}

			if(a > 0.0f && (bRight == 0.0f || bDown == 0.0f))
			{
				bool horizontalSet = bRight != 0.0f;
				bool verticalSet = bDown != 0.0f;
				int stepX = 0;
				for(int h=1; h<=maximumHoleSize && (!horizontalSet || !verticalSet); ++h)
				{
					// horizontal
					if(!horizontalSet)
					{
						if(x+1+h >= depth.cols)
						{
							horizontalSet = true;
						}
						else
						{
							float c = isMM?depth.at<unsigned short>(y, x+1+h):depth.at<float>(y, x+1+h);
							if(c == 0)
							{
								// ignore this size
							}
							else
							{
								// fill hole
								float depthError = errorRatio*float(a+c)/2.0f;
								if(fabs(a-c) <= depthError)
								{
									//linear interpolation
									float slope = (c-a)/float(h+1);
									if(isMM)
									{
										for(int z=x+1; z<x+1+h; ++z)
										{
											unsigned short & value = output.at<unsigned short>(y, z);
											if(value == 0)
											{
												value = (unsigned short)(a+(slope*float(z-x)));
											}
											else
											{
												// average with the previously set value
												value = (value+(unsigned short)(a+(slope*float(z-x))))/2;
											}
										}
									}
									else
									{
										for(int z=x+1; z<x+1+h; ++z)
										{
											float & value = output.at<float>(y, z);
											if(value == 0)
											{
												value = a+(slope*float(z-x));
											}
											else
											{
												// average with the previously set value
												value = (value+(a+(slope*float(z-x))))/2;
											}
										}
									}
								}
								horizontalSet = true;
								stepX = h;
							}
						}
					}

					// vertical
					if(!verticalSet)
					{
						if(y+1+h >= depth.rows)
						{
							verticalSet = true;
						}
						else
						{
							float c = isMM?depth.at<unsigned short>(y+1+h, x):depth.at<float>(y+1+h, x);
							if(c == 0)
							{
								// ignore this size
							}
							else
							{
								// fill hole
								float depthError = errorRatio*float(a+c)/2.0f;
								if(fabs(a-c) <= depthError)
								{
									//linear interpolation
									float slope = (c-a)/float(h+1);
									if(isMM)
									{
										for(int z=y+1; z<y+1+h; ++z)
										{
											unsigned short & value = output.at<unsigned short>(z, x);
											if(value == 0)
											{
												value = (unsigned short)(a+(slope*float(z-y)));
											}
											else
											{
												// average with the previously set value
												value = (value+(unsigned short)(a+(slope*float(z-y))))/2;
											}
										}
									}
									else
									{
										for(int z=y+1; z<y+1+h; ++z)
										{
											float & value = output.at<float>(z, x);
											if(value == 0)
											{
												value = (a+(slope*float(z-y)));
											}
											else
											{
												// average with the previously set value
												value = (value+(a+(slope*float(z-y))))/2;
											}
										}
									}
								}
								verticalSet = true;
							}
						}
					}
				}
				x+=stepX;
			}
		}
	}
	return output;
}

void fillRegisteredDepthHoles(cv::Mat & registeredDepth, bool vertical, bool horizontal, bool fillDoubleHoles)
{
	UASSERT(registeredDepth.type() == CV_16UC1);
	int margin = fillDoubleHoles?2:1;
	for(int x=1; x<registeredDepth.cols-margin; ++x)
	{
		for(int y=1; y<registeredDepth.rows-margin; ++y)
		{
			unsigned short & b = registeredDepth.at<unsigned short>(y, x);
			bool set = false;
			if(vertical)
			{
				const unsigned short & a = registeredDepth.at<unsigned short>(y-1, x);
				unsigned short & c = registeredDepth.at<unsigned short>(y+1, x);
				if(a && c)
				{
					unsigned short error = 0.01*((a+c)/2);
					if(((b == 0 && a && c) || (b > a+error && b > c+error)) &&
						(a>c?a-c<=error:c-a<=error))
					{
						b = (a+c)/2;
						set = true;
						if(!horizontal)
						{
							++y;
						}
					}
				}
				if(!set && fillDoubleHoles)
				{
					const unsigned short & d = registeredDepth.at<unsigned short>(y+2, x);
					if(a && d && (b==0 || c==0))
					{
						unsigned short error = 0.01*((a+d)/2);
						if(((b == 0 && a && d) || (b > a+error && b > d+error)) &&
						   ((c == 0 && a && d) || (c > a+error && c > d+error)) &&
							(a>d?a-d<=error:d-a<=error))
						{
							if(a>d)
							{
								unsigned short tmp = (a-d)/4;
								b = d + tmp;
								c = d + 3*tmp;
							}
							else
							{
								unsigned short tmp = (d-a)/4;
								b = a + tmp;
								c = a + 3*tmp;
							}
							set = true;
							if(!horizontal)
							{
								y+=2;
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
			if(!set && horizontal)
			{
				const unsigned short & a = registeredDepth.at<unsigned short>(y, x-1);
				unsigned short & c = registeredDepth.at<unsigned short>(y, x+1);
				if(a && c)
				{
					unsigned short error = 0.01*((a+c)/2);
					if(((b == 0 && a && c) || (b > a+error && b > c+error)) &&
						(a>c?a-c<=error:c-a<=error))
					{
						b = (a+c)/2;
						set = true;
					}
				}
				if(!set && fillDoubleHoles)
				{
					const unsigned short & d = registeredDepth.at<unsigned short>(y, x+2);
					if(a && d && (b==0 || c==0))
					{
						unsigned short error = 0.01*((a+d)/2);
						if(((b == 0 && a && d) || (b > a+error && b > d+error)) &&
						   ((c == 0 && a && d) || (c > a+error && c > d+error)) &&
							(a>d?a-d<=error:d-a<=error))
						{
							if(a>d)
							{
								unsigned short tmp = (a-d)/4;
								b = d + tmp;
								c = d + 3*tmp;
							}
							else
							{
								unsigned short tmp = (d-a)/4;
								b = a + tmp;
								c = a + 3*tmp;
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
}

// used only for fastBilateralFiltering() below
class Array3D
  {
	public:
	  Array3D (const size_t width, const size_t height, const size_t depth)
	  {
		x_dim_ = width;
		y_dim_ = height;
		z_dim_ = depth;
		v_ = std::vector<Eigen::Vector2f> (width*height*depth, Eigen::Vector2f (0.0f, 0.0f));
	  }

	  inline Eigen::Vector2f&
	  operator () (const size_t x, const size_t y, const size_t z)
	  { return v_[(x * y_dim_ + y) * z_dim_ + z]; }

	  inline const Eigen::Vector2f&
	  operator () (const size_t x, const size_t y, const size_t z) const
	  { return v_[(x * y_dim_ + y) * z_dim_ + z]; }

	  inline void
	  resize (const size_t width, const size_t height, const size_t depth)
	  {
		x_dim_ = width;
		y_dim_ = height;
		z_dim_ = depth;
		v_.resize (x_dim_ * y_dim_ * z_dim_);
	  }

	  Eigen::Vector2f
	  trilinear_interpolation (const float x,
							   const float y,
							   const float z)
	  {
	    const size_t x_index  = clamp (0, x_dim_ - 1, static_cast<size_t> (x));
	    const size_t xx_index = clamp (0, x_dim_ - 1, x_index + 1);

	    const size_t y_index  = clamp (0, y_dim_ - 1, static_cast<size_t> (y));
	    const size_t yy_index = clamp (0, y_dim_ - 1, y_index + 1);

	    const size_t z_index  = clamp (0, z_dim_ - 1, static_cast<size_t> (z));
	    const size_t zz_index = clamp (0, z_dim_ - 1, z_index + 1);

	    const float x_alpha = x - static_cast<float> (x_index);
	    const float y_alpha = y - static_cast<float> (y_index);
	    const float z_alpha = z - static_cast<float> (z_index);

	    return
	        (1.0f-x_alpha) * (1.0f-y_alpha) * (1.0f-z_alpha) * (*this)(x_index, y_index, z_index) +
	        x_alpha        * (1.0f-y_alpha) * (1.0f-z_alpha) * (*this)(xx_index, y_index, z_index) +
	        (1.0f-x_alpha) * y_alpha        * (1.0f-z_alpha) * (*this)(x_index, yy_index, z_index) +
	        x_alpha        * y_alpha        * (1.0f-z_alpha) * (*this)(xx_index, yy_index, z_index) +
	        (1.0f-x_alpha) * (1.0f-y_alpha) * z_alpha        * (*this)(x_index, y_index, zz_index) +
	        x_alpha        * (1.0f-y_alpha) * z_alpha        * (*this)(xx_index, y_index, zz_index) +
	        (1.0f-x_alpha) * y_alpha        * z_alpha        * (*this)(x_index, yy_index, zz_index) +
	        x_alpha        * y_alpha        * z_alpha        * (*this)(xx_index, yy_index, zz_index);
	  }

	  static inline size_t
	  clamp (const size_t min_value,
			 const size_t max_value,
			 const size_t x)
	  {
	    if (x >= min_value && x <= max_value)
	    {
	      return x;
	    }
	    else if (x < min_value)
	    {
	      return (min_value);
	    }
	    else
	    {
	      return (max_value);
	    }
	  }

	  inline size_t
	  x_size () const
	  { return x_dim_; }

	  inline size_t
	  y_size () const
	  { return y_dim_; }

	  inline size_t
	  z_size () const
	  { return z_dim_; }

	  inline std::vector<Eigen::Vector2f >::iterator
	  begin ()
	  { return v_.begin (); }

	  inline std::vector<Eigen::Vector2f >::iterator
	  end ()
	  { return v_.end (); }

	  inline std::vector<Eigen::Vector2f >::const_iterator
	  begin () const
	  { return v_.begin (); }

	  inline std::vector<Eigen::Vector2f >::const_iterator
	  end () const
	  { return v_.end (); }

	private:
	  std::vector<Eigen::Vector2f > v_;
	  size_t x_dim_, y_dim_, z_dim_;
  };

/**
 * Converted pcl::FastBilateralFiltering class to 2d depth image
 */
cv::Mat fastBilateralFiltering(const cv::Mat & depth, float sigmaS, float sigmaR, bool earlyDivision)
{
	UASSERT(!depth.empty() && (depth.type() == CV_32FC1 || depth.type() == CV_16UC1));
	UDEBUG("Begin: depth float=%d %dx%d sigmaS=%f sigmaR=%f earlDivision=%d",
			depth.type()==CV_32FC1?1:0, depth.cols, depth.rows, sigmaS, sigmaR, earlyDivision?1:0);

	cv::Mat output = cv::Mat::zeros(depth.size(), CV_32FC1);

	float base_max = -std::numeric_limits<float>::max ();
	float base_min = std::numeric_limits<float>::max ();
	bool found_finite = false;
	for (int x = 0; x < depth.cols; ++x)
		for (int y = 0; y < depth.rows; ++y)
		{
			float z = depth.type()==CV_32FC1?depth.at<float>(y, x):float(depth.at<unsigned short>(y, x))/1000.0f;
			if (z > 0.0f && uIsFinite(z))
			{
				if (base_max < z)
					base_max = z;
				if (base_min > z)
					base_min = z;
				found_finite = true;
			}
		}
	if (!found_finite)
	{
		UWARN("Given an empty depth image. Doing nothing.");
		return cv::Mat();
	}
	UDEBUG("base_min=%f base_max=%f", base_min, base_max);

	const float base_delta = base_max - base_min;

	const size_t padding_xy = 2;
	const size_t padding_z  = 2;

	const size_t small_width  = static_cast<size_t> (static_cast<float> (depth.cols  - 1) / sigmaS) + 1 + 2 * padding_xy;
	const size_t small_height = static_cast<size_t> (static_cast<float> (depth.rows - 1) / sigmaS) + 1 + 2 * padding_xy;
	const size_t small_depth  = static_cast<size_t> (base_delta / sigmaR)   + 1 + 2 * padding_z;

	UDEBUG("small_width=%d small_height=%d small_depth=%d", (int)small_width, (int)small_height, (int)small_depth);
	Array3D data (small_width, small_height, small_depth);
	for (int x = 0; x < depth.cols; ++x)
	{
		const size_t small_x = static_cast<size_t> (static_cast<float> (x) / sigmaS + 0.5f) + padding_xy;
		for (int y = 0; y < depth.rows; ++y)
		{
			float v = depth.type()==CV_32FC1?depth.at<float>(y,x):float(depth.at<unsigned short>(y,x))/1000.0f;
			if((v > 0 && uIsFinite(v)))
			{
				float z = v - base_min;

				const size_t small_y = static_cast<size_t> (static_cast<float> (y) / sigmaS + 0.5f) + padding_xy;
				const size_t small_z = static_cast<size_t> (static_cast<float> (z) / sigmaR + 0.5f) + padding_z;

				Eigen::Vector2f& d = data (small_x, small_y, small_z);
				d[0] += v;
				d[1] += 1.0f;
			}
		}
	}

	std::vector<long int> offset (3);
	offset[0] = &(data (1,0,0)) - &(data (0,0,0));
	offset[1] = &(data (0,1,0)) - &(data (0,0,0));
	offset[2] = &(data (0,0,1)) - &(data (0,0,0));

	Array3D buffer (small_width, small_height, small_depth);

	for (size_t dim = 0; dim < 3; ++dim)
	{
		const long int off = offset[dim];
		for (size_t n_iter = 0; n_iter < 2; ++n_iter)
		{
		  std::swap (buffer, data);
		  for(size_t x = 1; x < small_width - 1; ++x)
			for(size_t y = 1; y < small_height - 1; ++y)
			{
			  Eigen::Vector2f* d_ptr = &(data (x,y,1));
			  Eigen::Vector2f* b_ptr = &(buffer (x,y,1));

			  for(size_t z = 1; z < small_depth - 1; ++z, ++d_ptr, ++b_ptr)
				*d_ptr = (*(b_ptr - off) + *(b_ptr + off) + 2.0 * (*b_ptr)) / 4.0;
			}
		}
	}

	if (earlyDivision)
	{
		for (std::vector<Eigen::Vector2f>::iterator d = data.begin (); d != data.end (); ++d)
		  *d /= ((*d)[0] != 0) ? (*d)[1] : 1;
	}

	for (int x = 0; x < depth.cols; ++x)
	  for (int y = 0; y < depth.rows; ++y)
	  {
		  float z = depth.type()==CV_32FC1?depth.at<float>(y,x):float(depth.at<unsigned short>(y,x))/1000.0f;
		  if(z > 0 && uIsFinite(z))
		  {
			  z -= base_min;
			  const Eigen::Vector2f D = data.trilinear_interpolation (static_cast<float> (x) / sigmaS + padding_xy,
																	static_cast<float> (y) / sigmaS + padding_xy,
																	z / sigmaR + padding_z);
			  float v = earlyDivision ? D[0] : D[0] / D[1];
			  if(v < base_min || v >= base_max)
			  {
				  v = 0.0f;
			  }
			  if(depth.type()==CV_16UC1 && v>65.5350f)
			  {
				  v = 65.5350f;
			  }
			  output.at<float>(y,x) = v;
		  }
	  }

	UDEBUG("End");
	return output;
}

void depthBleedingFiltering(cv::Mat & depth, float maxDepthError)
{
	if(depth.empty())
	{
		return;
	}
	UASSERT(depth.type() == CV_32FC1 || depth.type() == CV_16UC1);

	// ignore border
	depth.row(0).setTo(cv::Scalar(0));
	depth.row(depth.rows-1).setTo(cv::Scalar(0));
	depth.col(0).setTo(cv::Scalar(0));
	depth.col(depth.cols-1).setTo(cv::Scalar(0));

	if(depth.type() == CV_32FC1)
	{
		float * depthPtr = depth.ptr<float>();
		for(int v=1; v<depth.rows-1; ++v)
		{
			for(int u=1; u<depth.cols-1; ++u)
			{
				int row = depth.cols*v;
				float & ref  = depthPtr[row + u];
				if((fabs(ref - depthPtr[row + u - 1]) > maxDepthError && 
				    fabs(ref - depthPtr[row + u + 1]) > maxDepthError) || 
				   (fabs(ref - depthPtr[depth.cols*(v-1) + u]) > maxDepthError && 
				    fabs(ref - depthPtr[depth.cols*(v+1) + u]) > maxDepthError)) 
				{
					ref = 0.0f;
				} 
			}
		}
	}
	else if(depth.type() == CV_16UC1)
	{
		unsigned short * depthPtr = depth.ptr<unsigned short>();
		unsigned short maxDepthErrorMM = (unsigned short)(maxDepthError*1000.0f);
		for(int v=1; v<depth.rows-1; ++v)
		{
			for(int u=1; u<depth.cols-1; ++u)
			{
				int row = depth.cols*v;
				unsigned short & ref  = depthPtr[row + u];
				if((abs((int)ref - (int)depthPtr[row + u - 1]) > maxDepthErrorMM && 
				    abs((int)ref - (int)depthPtr[row + u + 1]) > maxDepthErrorMM) || 
				   (abs((int)ref - (int)depthPtr[depth.cols*(v-1) + u]) > maxDepthErrorMM && 
				    abs((int)ref - (int)depthPtr[depth.cols*(v+1) + u]) > maxDepthErrorMM)) 
				{
					ref = 0;
				} 
			}
		}
	}
}

/**
 *  \brief Automatic brightness and contrast optimization with optional histogram clipping
 *  \param [in]src Input image GRAY or BGR or BGRA
 *  \param [out]dst Destination image
 *  \param clipHistPercent cut wings of histogram at given percent typical=>1, 0=>Disabled
 *  \note In case of BGRA image, we won't touch the transparency
 *  See http://answers.opencv.org/question/75510/how-to-make-auto-adjustmentsbrightness-and-contrast-for-image-android-opencv-image-correction/
*/
cv::Mat brightnessAndContrastAuto(const cv::Mat &src, const cv::Mat & mask, float clipLowHistPercent, float clipHighHistPercent, float * alphaOut, float * betaOut)
{

    CV_Assert(clipLowHistPercent >= 0 && clipHighHistPercent>=0);
    CV_Assert((src.type() == CV_8UC1) || (src.type() == CV_8UC3) || (src.type() == CV_8UC4));

    int histSize = 256;
    float alpha, beta;
    double minGray = 0, maxGray = 0;

    //to calculate grayscale histogram
    cv::Mat gray;
    if (src.type() == CV_8UC1) gray = src;
    else if (src.type() == CV_8UC3) cvtColor(src, gray, CV_BGR2GRAY);
    else if (src.type() == CV_8UC4) cvtColor(src, gray, CV_BGRA2GRAY);
    if (clipLowHistPercent == 0 && clipHighHistPercent == 0)
    {
        // keep full available range
        cv::minMaxLoc(gray, &minGray, &maxGray, 0, 0, mask);
    }
    else
    {
        cv::Mat hist; //the grayscale histogram

        float range[] = { 0, 256 };
        const float* histRange = { range };
        bool uniform = true;
        bool accumulate = false;
        calcHist(&gray, 1, 0, mask, hist, 1, &histSize, &histRange, uniform, accumulate);

        // calculate cumulative distribution from the histogram
        std::vector<float> accumulator(histSize);
        accumulator[0] = hist.at<float>(0);
        for (int i = 1; i < histSize; i++)
        {
            accumulator[i] = accumulator[i - 1] + hist.at<float>(i);
        }

        // locate points that cuts at required value
        float max = accumulator.back();
        clipLowHistPercent *= (max / 100.0); //make percent as absolute
        clipHighHistPercent *= (max / 100.0); //make percent as absolute
        // locate left cut
        minGray = 0;
        while (accumulator[minGray] < clipLowHistPercent)
            minGray++;

        // locate right cut
        maxGray = histSize - 1;
        while (accumulator[maxGray] >= (max - clipHighHistPercent))
            maxGray--;
    }

    // current range
    float inputRange = maxGray - minGray;

    alpha = (histSize - 1) / inputRange;   // alpha expands current range to histsize range
    beta = -minGray * alpha;             // beta shifts current range so that minGray will go to 0

    UINFO("minGray=%f maxGray=%f alpha=%f beta=%f", minGray, maxGray, alpha, beta);

    cv::Mat dst;
    // Apply brightness and contrast normalization
    // convertTo operates with saurate_cast
    src.convertTo(dst, -1, alpha, beta);

    // restore alpha channel from source
    if (dst.type() == CV_8UC4)
    {
        int from_to[] = { 3, 3};
        cv::mixChannels(&src, 4, &dst,1, from_to, 1);
    }

    if(alphaOut)
    {
    	*alphaOut = alpha;
    }
    if(betaOut)
	{
		*betaOut = beta;
	}

    return dst;
}

cv::Mat exposureFusion(const std::vector<cv::Mat> & images)
{
	UASSERT(images.size());
	cv::Mat fusion;
#if CV_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
	cv::createMergeMertens()->process(images, fusion);
	cv::Mat rgb8;
	UASSERT(fusion.channels() == 3);
	fusion.convertTo(rgb8, CV_8UC3, 255.0);
	fusion = rgb8;
#else
	UWARN("Exposure fusion is only available when rtabmap is built with OpenCV3.");
	if (images.size())
	{
		fusion = images[0].clone();
	}
#endif
	return fusion;
}

void HSVtoRGB( float *r, float *g, float *b, float h, float s, float v )
{
	int i;
	float f, p, q, t;
	if( s == 0 ) {
		// achromatic (grey)
		*r = *g = *b = v;
		return;
	}
	h /= 60;			// sector 0 to 5
	i = floor( h );
	f = h - i;			// factorial part of h
	p = v * ( 1 - s );
	q = v * ( 1 - s * f );
	t = v * ( 1 - s * ( 1 - f ) );
	switch( i ) {
		case 0:
			*r = v;
			*g = t;
			*b = p;
			break;
		case 1:
			*r = q;
			*g = v;
			*b = p;
			break;
		case 2:
			*r = p;
			*g = v;
			*b = t;
			break;
		case 3:
			*r = p;
			*g = q;
			*b = v;
			break;
		case 4:
			*r = t;
			*g = p;
			*b = v;
			break;
		default:		// case 5:
			*r = v;
			*g = p;
			*b = q;
			break;
	}
}

void NMS(
		const std::vector<cv::KeyPoint> & ptsIn,
		const cv::Mat & descriptorsIn,
		std::vector<cv::KeyPoint> & ptsOut,
		cv::Mat & descriptorsOut,
        int border, int dist_thresh, int img_width, int img_height)
{
    std::vector<cv::Point2f> pts_raw;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < ptsIn.size(); i++)
    {
		int u = (int) ptsIn[i].pt.x;
		int v = (int) ptsIn[i].pt.y;

		pts_raw.emplace_back(cv::Point2f(u, v));
	}

    //Grid Value Legend:
    //    255  : Kept.
    //     0   : Empty or suppressed.
    //    100  : To be processed (converted to either kept or suppressed).
    cv::Mat grid = cv::Mat(cv::Size(img_width, img_height), CV_8UC1);
    cv::Mat inds = cv::Mat(cv::Size(img_width, img_height), CV_16UC1);

    cv::Mat confidence = cv::Mat(cv::Size(img_width, img_height), CV_32FC1);
	cv::Mat dilated_conf = cv::Mat(cv::Size(img_width, img_height), CV_32FC1);

    grid.setTo(0);
    inds.setTo(0);
    confidence.setTo(0);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < pts_raw.size(); i++)
    {
        int uu = (int) pts_raw[i].x;
        int vv = (int) pts_raw[i].y;

        grid.at<unsigned char>(vv, uu) = 100;
        inds.at<unsigned short>(vv, uu) = i;

        confidence.at<float>(vv, uu) = ptsIn[i].response;
    }

	cv::dilate(confidence, dilated_conf, cv::Mat());
	cv::Mat peaks = confidence == dilated_conf;

    cv::copyMakeBorder(grid, grid, dist_thresh, dist_thresh, dist_thresh, dist_thresh, cv::BORDER_CONSTANT, 0);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < pts_raw.size(); i++)
    {
    	// account for top left padding
        int uu = (int) pts_raw[i].x + dist_thresh;
        int vv = (int) pts_raw[i].y + dist_thresh;
        float c = confidence.at<float>(vv-dist_thresh, uu-dist_thresh);

        if (grid.at<unsigned char>(vv, uu) == 100)  // If not yet suppressed.
        {
			if (peaks.at<unsigned char>(vv-dist_thresh, uu-dist_thresh) == 255)
			{
				for(int k = -dist_thresh; k < (dist_thresh+1); k++)
				{
					for(int j = -dist_thresh; j < (dist_thresh+1); j++)
					{
						if ((j==0 && k==0) || grid.at<unsigned char>(vv + k, uu + j) == 0)
							continue;

						if (confidence.at<float>(vv + k - dist_thresh, uu + j - dist_thresh) <= c)
							grid.at<unsigned char>(vv + k, uu + j) = 0;
					}
				}
				grid.at<unsigned char>(vv, uu) = 255;
			}
			else
			{
				grid.at<unsigned char>(vv, uu) = 0;
			}
        }
    }

    size_t valid_cnt = 0;
    std::vector<int> select_indice;

    grid = cv::Mat(grid, cv::Rect(dist_thresh, dist_thresh, img_width, img_height));

    for (int v = 0; v < img_height; v++)
    {
        for (int u = 0; u < img_width; u++)
        {
            if (grid.at<unsigned char>(v,u) == 255)
            {
                int select_ind = (int) inds.at<unsigned short>(v, u);
				ptsOut.emplace_back(ptsIn[select_ind]);
                select_indice.emplace_back(select_ind);
                valid_cnt++;
            }
        }
    }

    if(!descriptorsIn.empty())
    {
    	UASSERT(descriptorsIn.rows == (int)ptsIn.size());
		descriptorsOut.create(select_indice.size(), 256, CV_32F);

		for (size_t i=0; i<select_indice.size(); i++)
		{
			descriptorsIn.row(select_indice[i]).copyTo(descriptorsOut.row(i));
		}
    }
}

std::vector<int> SSC(
	const std::vector<cv::KeyPoint> & keypoints, int maxKeypoints, float tolerance, int cols, int rows, const std::vector<int> & indx)
{
	bool useIndx = keypoints.size() == indx.size();

	// several temp expression variables to simplify solution equation
	int exp1 = rows + cols + 2*maxKeypoints;
	long long exp2 = ((long long)4*cols + (long long)4*maxKeypoints + (long long)4*rows*maxKeypoints + (long long)rows*rows + (long long)cols*cols - (long long)2*rows*cols + (long long)4*rows*cols*maxKeypoints);
	double exp3 = sqrt(exp2);
	double exp4 = maxKeypoints - 1;

	double sol1 = -round((exp1 + exp3) / exp4); // first solution
	double sol2 = -round((exp1 - exp3) / exp4); // second solution

	// binary search range initialization with positive solution
	int high = (sol1 > sol2) ? sol1 : sol2;
	int low = floor(sqrt((double)keypoints.size() / maxKeypoints));
	low = std::max(1, low);

	int width;
	int prevWidth = -1;

	unsigned int Kmin = round(maxKeypoints - (maxKeypoints * tolerance));
	unsigned int Kmax = round(maxKeypoints + (maxKeypoints * tolerance));

	std::vector<int> ResultVec, result;
	result.reserve(keypoints.size());

	bool complete = false;
	while(!complete)
	{
		width = low + (high - low) / 2;
		if(width==prevWidth || low>high) // needed to reassure the same radius is not repeated again
		{
			ResultVec = result; // return the keypoints from the previous iteration
			break;
		}
		result.clear();
		double c = (double)width / 2.0; // initializing Grid
		int numCellCols = floor(cols / c);
		int numCellRows = floor(rows / c);
		cv::Mat coveredMask = cv::Mat::zeros(numCellRows + 1, numCellCols + 1, CV_8UC1);

		for(unsigned int i=0; i<keypoints.size(); ++i)
		{
			int row = floor(keypoints[useIndx?indx[i]:i].pt.y / c); // get position of the cell current point is located at
			int col = floor(keypoints[useIndx?indx[i]:i].pt.x / c);
			if(!coveredMask.at<uchar>(row, col)) // if the cell is not covered
			{
				result.push_back(useIndx?indx[i]:i);
				int rowMin = ((row - floor(width / c)) >= 0) ? (row - floor(width / c)) : 0; // get range which current radius is covering
				int rowMax = ((row + floor(width / c)) <= numCellRows) ? (row + floor(width / c)) : numCellRows;
				int colMin = ((col - floor(width / c)) >= 0) ? (col - floor(width / c)) : 0;
				int colMax = ((col + floor(width / c)) <= numCellCols) ? (col + floor(width / c)) : numCellCols;
				coveredMask(cv::Range(rowMin, rowMax + 1), cv::Range(colMin, colMax + 1)) = 255; // cover cells within the square bounding box with width
			}
		}

		if(result.size() >= Kmin && result.size() <= Kmax) // solution found
		{
			ResultVec = result;
			complete = true;
		}
		else if(result.size() < Kmin)
			high = width - 1; // update binary search range
		else
			low = width + 1;
		prevWidth = width;
	}
	return ResultVec;
}

bool rotateImagesUpsideUpIfNecessary(
	CameraModel & model,
	cv::Mat & rgb,
	cv::Mat & depth)
{
	float roll,pitch,yaw;
	// remove optical rotation
	Transform localTransform = model.localTransform()*CameraModel::opticalRotation().inverse();
	localTransform.getEulerAngles(roll, pitch, yaw);
	UDEBUG("roll=%f pitch=%f yaw=%f", roll, pitch, yaw);
	if(fabs(pitch > M_PI/4))
	{
		// Return original because of ambiguity for what would be considered up...
		UDEBUG("Ignoring image rotation as pitch(%f)>Pi/4", pitch);
		return false;
	}
	if(roll<0)
	{
		roll+=2*M_PI;
	}
	if(roll >= M_PI/4 && roll < 3*M_PI/4)
	{
		UDEBUG("ROTATION_90 (roll=%f)", roll);
		if(!rgb.empty())
		{
			cv::flip(rgb,rgb,1);
			cv::transpose(rgb,rgb);
		}
		if(!depth.empty())
		{
			cv::flip(depth,depth,1);
			cv::transpose(depth,depth);
		}
		cv::Size sizet(model.imageHeight(), model.imageWidth());
		model = CameraModel(
				model.fy(),
				model.fx(),
				model.cy(),
				model.cx()>0?model.imageWidth()-model.cx():0,
				model.localTransform()*rtabmap::Transform(0,-1,0,0, 1,0,0,0, 0,0,1,0));
		model.setImageSize(sizet);
	}
	else if(roll >= 3*M_PI/4 && roll < 5*M_PI/4)
	{
		UDEBUG("ROTATION_180 (roll=%f)", roll);
		if(!rgb.empty())
		{
			cv::flip(rgb,rgb,1);
			cv::flip(rgb,rgb,0);
		}
		if(!depth.empty())
		{
			cv::flip(depth,depth,1);
			cv::flip(depth,depth,0);
		}
		cv::Size sizet(model.imageWidth(), model.imageHeight());
		model = CameraModel(
				model.fx(),
				model.fy(),
				model.cx()>0?model.imageWidth()-model.cx():0,
				model.cy()>0?model.imageHeight()-model.cy():0,
				model.localTransform()*rtabmap::Transform(0,0,0,0,0,1,0));
		model.setImageSize(sizet);
	}
	else if(roll >= 5*M_PI/4 && roll < 7*M_PI/4)
	{
		UDEBUG("ROTATION_270 (roll=%f)", roll);
		if(!rgb.empty())
		{
			cv::transpose(rgb,rgb);
			cv::flip(rgb,rgb,1);
		}
		if(!depth.empty())
		{
			cv::transpose(depth,depth);
			cv::flip(depth,depth,1);
		}
		cv::Size sizet(model.imageHeight(), model.imageWidth());
		model = CameraModel(
				model.fy(),
				model.fx(),
				model.cy()>0?model.imageHeight()-model.cy():0,
				model.cx(),
				model.localTransform()*rtabmap::Transform(0,1,0,0, -1,0,0,0, 0,0,1,0));
		model.setImageSize(sizet);
	}
	else
	{
		UDEBUG("ROTATION_0 (roll=%f)", roll);
		return false;
	}
	return true;
}

}

}