feat(proxy): record tunnel stability metrics

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/finalize/internal/sync_finalize.rs

@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ fn maybe_build_local_openai_image_sync_finalize_response(
         payload.report_kind.as_str(),
         payload.status_code,
         payload.report_context.as_ref(),
+        payload.body_json.as_ref(),
         payload.body_base64.as_deref(),
     )
     .map_err(GatewayError::from)?

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/candidate_materialization.rs

@@ -75,6 +75,18 @@ enum LocalExecutionCandidateAttemptSourceItem<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> LocalExecutionCandidateAttemptSource<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn from_static_attempts_for_image_bridge(
+        attempts: Vec<LocalExecutionCandidateAttempt>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut items = VecDeque::new();
+        if !attempts.is_empty() {
+            items.push_back(LocalExecutionCandidateAttemptSourceItem::Static {
+                attempts: VecDeque::from(attempts),
+            });
+        }
+        Self { items }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) async fn next_attempt(&mut self) -> Option<LocalExecutionCandidateAttempt> {
         loop {
             let front = self.items.front_mut()?;

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/candidate_resolution.rs

@@ -398,15 +398,11 @@ pub(crate) fn candidate_auth_channel_skip_reason(
 ) -> Option<&'static str> {
     let request_auth_channel = normalize_request_auth_channel(request_auth_channel?)?;
     let upstream_auth_channel = resolve_transport_request_auth_channel(transport)?;
-    if request_auth_channel == upstream_auth_channel
-        || provider_runtime_policy(&transport.provider.provider_type)
-            .allow_auth_channel_mismatch_by_default
-        || allow_auth_channel_mismatch_for_format(transport)
-    {
-        None
-    } else {
-        Some("auth_channel_mismatch")
+    if request_auth_channel == upstream_auth_channel {
+        return None;
     }
+    auth_channel_mismatch_is_explicitly_disabled_for_format(transport)
+        .then_some("auth_channel_mismatch")
 }
 
 fn normalize_request_auth_channel(value: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
@@ -452,19 +448,22 @@ fn resolve_transport_auth_type_for_endpoint_format(
         .unwrap_or(default_auth_type)
 }
 
-fn allow_auth_channel_mismatch_for_format(transport: &GatewayProviderTransportSnapshot) -> bool {
+fn auth_channel_mismatch_is_explicitly_disabled_for_format(
+    transport: &GatewayProviderTransportSnapshot,
+) -> bool {
     let api_format = crate::ai_serving::normalize_api_format_alias(&transport.endpoint.api_format);
-    transport
+    let Some(items) = transport
         .key
         .allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats
         .as_ref()
         .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_array)
-        .is_some_and(|items| {
-            items
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(serde_json::Value::as_str)
-                .any(|item| crate::ai_serving::normalize_api_format_alias(item) == api_format)
-        })
+    else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    !items
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(serde_json::Value::as_str)
+        .any(|item| crate::ai_serving::normalize_api_format_alias(item) == api_format)
 }
 
 pub(crate) async fn read_candidate_transport_snapshot(
@@ -585,11 +584,11 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn auth_channel_gate_skips_mismatched_raw_secret_auth() {
+    fn auth_channel_gate_allows_mismatched_raw_secret_auth_by_default() {
         let transport = sample_transport("bearer");
         assert_eq!(
             candidate_auth_channel_skip_reason(&transport, Some("api_key")),
-            Some("auth_channel_mismatch")
+            None
         );
     }
 
@@ -603,6 +602,16 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn auth_channel_gate_blocks_explicitly_disabled_mismatch_format() {
+        let mut transport = sample_transport("bearer");
+        transport.key.allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats = Some(json!(["openai:responses"]));
+        assert_eq!(
+            candidate_auth_channel_skip_reason(&transport, Some("api_key")),
+            Some("auth_channel_mismatch")
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn auth_channel_gate_treats_cli_oauth_provider_as_bearer_like() {
         let mut transport = sample_transport("oauth");
@@ -613,7 +622,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert_eq!(
             candidate_auth_channel_skip_reason(&transport, Some("api_key")),
-            Some("auth_channel_mismatch")
+            None
         );
     }
 

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/candidate_source.rs

@@ -159,6 +159,40 @@ pub(crate) async fn preselect_local_execution_candidates_with_serving(
             .into_iter()
             .map(str::to_string)
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    preselect_local_execution_candidates_for_api_formats_with_serving(
+        state,
+        client_api_format,
+        requested_model,
+        require_streaming,
+        required_capabilities,
+        auth_snapshot,
+        client_session_affinity,
+        use_api_format_alias_match,
+        key_mode,
+        candidate_api_formats,
+    )
+    .await
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(crate) async fn preselect_local_execution_candidates_for_api_formats_with_serving(
+    state: PlannerAppState<'_>,
+    client_api_format: &str,
+    requested_model: &str,
+    require_streaming: bool,
+    required_capabilities: Option<&serde_json::Value>,
+    auth_snapshot: &GatewayAuthApiKeySnapshot,
+    client_session_affinity: Option<&ClientSessionAffinity>,
+    use_api_format_alias_match: bool,
+    key_mode: LocalCandidatePreselectionKeyMode,
+    candidate_api_formats: Vec<String>,
+) -> Result<
+    AiCandidatePreselectionOutcome<
+        SchedulerMinimalCandidateSelectionCandidate,
+        SkippedLocalExecutionCandidate,
+    >,
+    GatewayError,
+> {
     let mut model_directive_enabled_api_formats = BTreeSet::new();
     for api_format in &candidate_api_formats {
         if crate::system_features::reasoning_model_directive_enabled_for_api_format_and_model(

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/specialized/image.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use tracing::warn;
 
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_materialization::LocalExecutionAttemptSource;
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::plan_builders::{
+    build_gemini_stream_plan_from_decision, build_gemini_sync_plan_from_decision,
     build_passthrough_sync_plan_from_decision, build_standard_stream_plan_from_decision,
     AiStreamAttempt, AiSyncAttempt,
 };
@@ -284,7 +285,13 @@ impl LocalOpenAiImageSyncAttemptSource<'_> {
             return Ok(None);
         };
 
-        match build_passthrough_sync_plan_from_decision(self.parts, payload) {
+        let provider_api_format = payload.provider_api_format.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let built = if provider_api_format == "gemini:generate_content" {
+            build_gemini_sync_plan_from_decision(self.parts, self.body_json, payload)
+        } else {
+            build_passthrough_sync_plan_from_decision(self.parts, payload)
+        };
+        match built {
             Ok(value) => Ok(value),
             Err(err) => {
                 warn!(
@@ -320,7 +327,13 @@ impl LocalOpenAiImageStreamAttemptSource<'_> {
             return Ok(None);
         };
 
-        match build_standard_stream_plan_from_decision(self.parts, self.body_json, payload, false) {
+        let provider_api_format = payload.provider_api_format.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let built = if provider_api_format == "gemini:generate_content" {
+            build_gemini_stream_plan_from_decision(self.parts, self.body_json, payload)
+        } else {
+            build_standard_stream_plan_from_decision(self.parts, self.body_json, payload, false)
+        };
+        match built {
             Ok(value) => Ok(value),
             Err(err) => {
                 warn!(
@@ -508,7 +521,13 @@ async fn build_local_sync_plan_and_reports(
             continue;
         };
 
-        match build_passthrough_sync_plan_from_decision(parts, payload) {
+        let provider_api_format = payload.provider_api_format.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let built = if provider_api_format == "gemini:generate_content" {
+            build_gemini_sync_plan_from_decision(parts, body_json, payload)
+        } else {
+            build_passthrough_sync_plan_from_decision(parts, payload)
+        };
+        match built {
             Ok(Some(value)) => plans.push(value),
             Ok(None) => {}
             Err(err) => {
@@ -578,7 +597,13 @@ async fn build_local_stream_plan_and_reports(
             continue;
         };
 
-        match build_standard_stream_plan_from_decision(parts, body_json, payload, false) {
+        let provider_api_format = payload.provider_api_format.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+        let built = if provider_api_format == "gemini:generate_content" {
+            build_gemini_stream_plan_from_decision(parts, body_json, payload)
+        } else {
+            build_standard_stream_plan_from_decision(parts, body_json, payload, false)
+        };
+        match built {
             Ok(Some(value)) => plans.push(value),
             Ok(None) => {}
             Err(err) => {

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/specialized/image/decision.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::ai_serving::transport::{
     resolve_transport_execution_timeouts, resolve_transport_profile,
 };
 use crate::ai_serving::{ai_local_execution_contract_for_formats, PlannerAppState};
-use crate::{AiExecutionDecision, AppState};
+use crate::{append_execution_contract_fields_to_value, AiExecutionDecision, AppState};
 
 use super::request::resolve_local_openai_image_candidate_payload_parts;
 use super::support::{LocalOpenAiImageCandidateAttempt, LocalOpenAiImageDecisionInput};
@@ -47,8 +47,12 @@ pub(super) async fn maybe_build_local_openai_image_decision_payload_for_candidat
     } = attempt;
     let candidate = eligible.candidate;
     let transport = resolved.transport;
-    let (execution_strategy, conversion_mode) =
-        ai_local_execution_contract_for_formats(spec_metadata.api_format, spec_metadata.api_format);
+    let provider_api_format = resolved.provider_api_format.clone();
+    let needs_conversion = provider_api_format != spec_metadata.api_format;
+    let (execution_strategy, conversion_mode) = ai_local_execution_contract_for_formats(
+        spec_metadata.api_format,
+        provider_api_format.as_str(),
+    );
     let proxy = planner_state
         .app()
         .resolve_transport_proxy_snapshot_with_tunnel_affinity(&transport)
@@ -84,41 +88,47 @@ pub(super) async fn maybe_build_local_openai_image_decision_payload_for_candidat
         .get("stream")
         .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_bool)
         .unwrap_or(spec_metadata.require_streaming);
-    let report_context = build_local_execution_report_context(LocalExecutionReportContextParts {
-        auth_context: &input.auth_context,
-        request_id: trace_id,
-        candidate_id: &candidate_id,
-        attempt_identity,
-        model: &resolved.requested_model,
-        provider_name: &transport.provider.name,
-        provider_id: &candidate.provider_id,
-        endpoint_id: &candidate.endpoint_id,
-        key_id: &candidate.key_id,
-        key_name: None,
-        model_id: Some(&candidate.model_id),
-        global_model_id: Some(&candidate.global_model_id),
-        global_model_name: Some(&candidate.global_model_name),
-        provider_api_format: spec_metadata.api_format,
-        client_api_format: spec_metadata.api_format,
-        mapped_model: Some(&resolved.mapped_model),
-        candidate_group_id: eligible.orchestration.candidate_group_id.as_deref(),
-        ranking: eligible.ranking.as_ref(),
-        upstream_url: Some(&resolved.upstream_url),
-        header_rules: transport.endpoint.header_rules.as_ref(),
-        body_rules: transport.endpoint.body_rules.as_ref(),
-        provider_request_method: Some(serde_json::Value::String(parts.method.to_string())),
-        provider_request_headers: Some(&resolved.provider_request_headers),
-        original_headers: &parts.headers,
-        request_origin: Some(crate::ai_serving::request_origin_from_parts(parts)),
-        original_request_body_json: Some(body_json),
-        original_request_body_base64: body_base64,
-        client_session_affinity: input.client_session_affinity.as_ref(),
-        client_requested_stream: spec_metadata.require_streaming,
-        upstream_is_stream,
-        has_envelope: false,
-        needs_conversion: false,
-        extra_fields,
-    });
+    let report_context = append_execution_contract_fields_to_value(
+        build_local_execution_report_context(LocalExecutionReportContextParts {
+            auth_context: &input.auth_context,
+            request_id: trace_id,
+            candidate_id: &candidate_id,
+            attempt_identity,
+            model: &resolved.requested_model,
+            provider_name: &transport.provider.name,
+            provider_id: &candidate.provider_id,
+            endpoint_id: &candidate.endpoint_id,
+            key_id: &candidate.key_id,
+            key_name: None,
+            model_id: Some(&candidate.model_id),
+            global_model_id: Some(&candidate.global_model_id),
+            global_model_name: Some(&candidate.global_model_name),
+            provider_api_format: provider_api_format.as_str(),
+            client_api_format: spec_metadata.api_format,
+            mapped_model: Some(&resolved.mapped_model),
+            candidate_group_id: eligible.orchestration.candidate_group_id.as_deref(),
+            ranking: eligible.ranking.as_ref(),
+            upstream_url: Some(&resolved.upstream_url),
+            header_rules: transport.endpoint.header_rules.as_ref(),
+            body_rules: transport.endpoint.body_rules.as_ref(),
+            provider_request_method: Some(serde_json::Value::String(parts.method.to_string())),
+            provider_request_headers: Some(&resolved.provider_request_headers),
+            original_headers: &parts.headers,
+            request_origin: Some(crate::ai_serving::request_origin_from_parts(parts)),
+            original_request_body_json: Some(body_json),
+            original_request_body_base64: body_base64,
+            client_session_affinity: input.client_session_affinity.as_ref(),
+            client_requested_stream: spec_metadata.require_streaming,
+            upstream_is_stream,
+            has_envelope: false,
+            needs_conversion,
+            extra_fields,
+        }),
+        execution_strategy,
+        conversion_mode,
+        spec_metadata.api_format,
+        provider_api_format.as_str(),
+    );
 
     Some(build_ai_execution_decision_response(
         AiExecutionDecisionResponseParts {
@@ -137,7 +147,7 @@ pub(super) async fn maybe_build_local_openai_image_decision_payload_for_candidat
             provider_request_method: Some(parts.method.to_string()),
             auth_header: Some(resolved.auth_header),
             auth_value: Some(resolved.auth_value),
-            provider_api_format: spec_metadata.api_format.to_string(),
+            provider_api_format,
             client_api_format: spec_metadata.api_format.to_string(),
             model_name: resolved.requested_model,
             mapped_model: resolved.mapped_model,

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/specialized/image/request.rs

@@ -9,14 +9,17 @@ use crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_preparation::{
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::spec_metadata::local_openai_image_spec_metadata;
 use crate::ai_serving::transport::{
     build_openai_image_headers, build_openai_image_upstream_url,
-    openai_image_transport_unsupported_reason, resolve_openai_image_auth,
-    ProviderOpenAiImageHeadersInput,
+    build_standard_provider_request_headers, openai_image_transport_unsupported_reason,
+    resolve_openai_image_auth, ProviderOpenAiImageHeadersInput,
+    StandardProviderRequestHeadersInput,
 };
 use crate::ai_serving::{
     apply_codex_openai_responses_special_body_edits, apply_codex_openai_responses_special_headers,
-    build_chatgpt_web_image_request_body, build_openai_image_provider_request_body,
-    default_model_for_openai_image_operation, normalize_openai_image_request,
-    CandidateFailureDiagnostic, GatewayProviderTransportSnapshot, PlannerAppState,
+    build_chatgpt_web_image_request_body,
+    build_gemini_image_request_body_from_openai_image_request,
+    build_openai_image_provider_request_body, default_model_for_openai_image_operation,
+    normalize_openai_image_request, request_conversion_direct_auth, CandidateFailureDiagnostic,
+    GatewayProviderTransportSnapshot, PlannerAppState, RequestConversionKind,
 };
 use crate::AppState;
 
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ pub(super) struct LocalOpenAiImageCandidatePayloadParts {
     pub(super) auth_value: String,
     pub(super) requested_model: String,
     pub(super) mapped_model: String,
+    pub(super) provider_api_format: String,
     pub(super) provider_request_headers: BTreeMap<String, String>,
     pub(super) provider_request_body: Value,
     pub(super) upstream_url: String,
@@ -54,6 +58,21 @@ pub(super) async fn resolve_local_openai_image_candidate_payload_parts(
     let spec_metadata = local_openai_image_spec_metadata(spec);
     let candidate = &attempt.eligible.candidate;
     let transport = &attempt.eligible.transport;
+    let provider_api_format = attempt.eligible.provider_api_format.as_str();
+
+    if provider_api_format == "gemini:generate_content" {
+        return resolve_local_openai_image_to_gemini_candidate_payload_parts(
+            state,
+            parts,
+            body_json,
+            body_base64,
+            trace_id,
+            input,
+            attempt,
+            spec,
+        )
+        .await;
+    }
 
     if let Some(skip_reason) =
         openai_image_transport_unsupported_reason(transport, spec_metadata.api_format)
@@ -70,7 +89,6 @@ pub(super) async fn resolve_local_openai_image_candidate_payload_parts(
         .await;
         return None;
     }
-
     let prepared_candidate = match prepare_header_authenticated_candidate(
         PlannerAppState::new(state),
         transport,
@@ -216,6 +234,7 @@ pub(super) async fn resolve_local_openai_image_candidate_payload_parts(
         auth_value,
         requested_model,
         mapped_model,
+        provider_api_format: spec_metadata.api_format.to_string(),
         provider_request_headers,
         provider_request_body,
         upstream_url,
@@ -223,6 +242,190 @@ pub(super) async fn resolve_local_openai_image_candidate_payload_parts(
     })
 }
 
+async fn resolve_local_openai_image_to_gemini_candidate_payload_parts(
+    state: &AppState,
+    parts: &http::request::Parts,
+    body_json: &Value,
+    body_base64: Option<&str>,
+    trace_id: &str,
+    input: &LocalOpenAiImageDecisionInput,
+    attempt: &LocalOpenAiImageCandidateAttempt,
+    spec: LocalOpenAiImageSpec,
+) -> Option<LocalOpenAiImageCandidatePayloadParts> {
+    let spec_metadata = local_openai_image_spec_metadata(spec);
+    let candidate = &attempt.eligible.candidate;
+    let transport = &attempt.eligible.transport;
+    let provider_api_format = "gemini:generate_content";
+
+    let prepared_candidate = match prepare_header_authenticated_candidate(
+        PlannerAppState::new(state),
+        transport,
+        candidate,
+        request_conversion_direct_auth(transport, RequestConversionKind::ToGeminiStandard),
+        OauthPreparationContext {
+            trace_id,
+            api_format: provider_api_format,
+            operation: "openai_image_to_gemini_candidate_request",
+        },
+    )
+    .await
+    {
+        Ok(prepared) => prepared,
+        Err(skip_reason) => {
+            mark_skipped_local_openai_image_candidate(
+                state,
+                input,
+                trace_id,
+                candidate,
+                attempt.candidate_index,
+                &attempt.candidate_id,
+                skip_reason,
+            )
+            .await;
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let Some(normalized_request) = normalize_openai_image_request(parts, body_json, body_base64)
+    else {
+        mark_skipped_local_openai_image_candidate_with_failure_diagnostic(
+            state,
+            input,
+            trace_id,
+            candidate,
+            attempt.candidate_index,
+            &attempt.candidate_id,
+            "provider_request_body_missing",
+            CandidateFailureDiagnostic::provider_request_body_missing(
+                spec_metadata.api_format,
+                provider_api_format,
+                "openai_image_request_normalize",
+            ),
+        )
+        .await;
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let Some(mut converted) = build_gemini_image_request_body_from_openai_image_request(
+        &normalized_request,
+        &prepared_candidate.mapped_model,
+    ) else {
+        mark_skipped_local_openai_image_candidate_with_failure_diagnostic(
+            state,
+            input,
+            trace_id,
+            candidate,
+            attempt.candidate_index,
+            &attempt.candidate_id,
+            "provider_request_body_missing",
+            CandidateFailureDiagnostic::provider_request_body_missing(
+                spec_metadata.api_format,
+                provider_api_format,
+                "openai_image_to_gemini_request_body",
+            ),
+        )
+        .await;
+        return None;
+    };
+    converted.body_json =
+        match crate::ai_serving::transport::apply_standard_provider_request_body_rules_with_request_headers(
+            converted.body_json,
+            transport.endpoint.body_rules.as_ref(),
+            body_json,
+            &parts.headers,
+        ) {
+            Some(body) => body,
+            None => {
+                mark_skipped_local_openai_image_candidate_with_failure_diagnostic(
+                    state,
+                    input,
+                    trace_id,
+                    candidate,
+                    attempt.candidate_index,
+                    &attempt.candidate_id,
+                    "provider_request_body_missing",
+                    CandidateFailureDiagnostic::provider_request_body_missing(
+                        spec_metadata.api_format,
+                        provider_api_format,
+                        "openai_image_to_gemini_body_rules",
+                    ),
+                )
+                .await;
+                return None;
+            }
+        };
+    let upstream_is_stream = spec_metadata.require_streaming;
+    let Some(upstream_url) = crate::ai_serving::planner::standard::build_standard_upstream_url(
+        parts,
+        transport,
+        &converted.mapped_model,
+        provider_api_format,
+        upstream_is_stream,
+    ) else {
+        mark_skipped_local_openai_image_candidate_with_failure_diagnostic(
+            state,
+            input,
+            trace_id,
+            candidate,
+            attempt.candidate_index,
+            &attempt.candidate_id,
+            "upstream_url_missing",
+            CandidateFailureDiagnostic::upstream_url_missing(
+                spec_metadata.api_format,
+                provider_api_format,
+                "openai_image_to_gemini_url",
+            ),
+        )
+        .await;
+        return None;
+    };
+    let Some(resolved_headers) =
+        build_standard_provider_request_headers(StandardProviderRequestHeadersInput {
+            transport,
+            provider_api_format,
+            same_format: false,
+            headers: &parts.headers,
+            auth_header: &prepared_candidate.auth_header,
+            auth_value: &prepared_candidate.auth_value,
+            extra_headers: &BTreeMap::new(),
+            header_rules: transport.endpoint.header_rules.as_ref(),
+            provider_request_body: &converted.body_json,
+            original_request_body: body_json,
+            upstream_is_stream,
+        })
+    else {
+        mark_skipped_local_openai_image_candidate_with_failure_diagnostic(
+            state,
+            input,
+            trace_id,
+            candidate,
+            attempt.candidate_index,
+            &attempt.candidate_id,
+            "transport_header_rules_apply_failed",
+            CandidateFailureDiagnostic::header_rules_apply_failed(
+                spec_metadata.api_format,
+                provider_api_format,
+                "openai_image_to_gemini_headers",
+            ),
+        )
+        .await;
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    Some(LocalOpenAiImageCandidatePayloadParts {
+        transport: Arc::clone(transport),
+        auth_header: resolved_headers.auth_header,
+        auth_value: resolved_headers.auth_value,
+        requested_model: converted.requested_model,
+        mapped_model: converted.mapped_model,
+        provider_api_format: provider_api_format.to_string(),
+        provider_request_headers: resolved_headers.headers,
+        provider_request_body: converted.body_json,
+        upstream_url,
+        input_summary: converted.summary_json,
+    })
+}
+
 fn chatgpt_web_image_internal_url(base_url: &str) -> String {
     let base_url = base_url.trim().trim_end_matches('/');
     let base_url = if base_url.is_empty() {

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/specialized/image/support.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_metadata::{
     build_local_execution_candidate_metadata_for_candidate, LocalExecutionCandidateMetadataParts,
 };
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_resolution::SkippedLocalExecutionCandidate;
+use crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_source::auth_snapshot_allows_cross_format_candidate;
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::decision_input::{
     build_local_requested_model_decision_input, resolve_local_authenticated_decision_input,
 };
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ use crate::ai_serving::planner::materialization_policy::{
 };
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::spec_metadata::local_openai_image_spec_metadata;
 use crate::ai_serving::{
-    extract_pool_sticky_session_token, resolve_local_decision_execution_runtime_auth_context,
-    CandidateFailureDiagnostic, ExecutionRuntimeAuthContext, GatewayControlDecision,
-    PlannerAppState,
+    extract_pool_sticky_session_token, request_candidate_api_formats,
+    resolve_local_decision_execution_runtime_auth_context, CandidateFailureDiagnostic,
+    ExecutionRuntimeAuthContext, GatewayControlDecision, PlannerAppState,
 };
 use crate::client_session_affinity::client_session_affinity_from_parts;
 use crate::clock::current_unix_secs;
@@ -88,52 +89,69 @@ pub(super) async fn list_local_openai_image_candidate_attempts(
     api_format: &str,
     decision_kind: &str,
 ) -> Option<Vec<LocalOpenAiImageCandidateAttempt>> {
-    let planner_state = PlannerAppState::new(state);
-    let (candidates, preselection_skipped) = match planner_state
-        .list_selectable_candidates_with_skip_reasons(
-            api_format,
-            &input.requested_model,
-            false,
-            input.required_capabilities.as_ref(),
-            Some(&input.auth_snapshot),
-            input.client_session_affinity.as_ref(),
-            current_unix_secs(),
-        )
-        .await
-    {
-        Ok(candidates) => candidates,
-        Err(err) => {
-            warn!(
-                trace_id = %trace_id,
-                decision_kind,
-                error = ?err,
-                "gateway local openai image decision scheduler selection failed"
-            );
-            return None;
+    let candidate_api_formats = image_candidate_api_formats(api_format);
+    let mut attempts = Vec::new();
+    for candidate_api_format in candidate_api_formats {
+        let matches_client_format = candidate_api_format == api_format;
+        let planner_state = PlannerAppState::new(state);
+        let (mut candidates, preselection_skipped) = match planner_state
+            .list_selectable_candidates_with_skip_reasons(
+                candidate_api_format,
+                &input.requested_model,
+                false,
+                input.required_capabilities.as_ref(),
+                matches_client_format.then_some(&input.auth_snapshot),
+                input.client_session_affinity.as_ref(),
+                current_unix_secs(),
+            )
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(candidates) => candidates,
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!(
+                    trace_id = %trace_id,
+                    decision_kind,
+                    api_format = candidate_api_format,
+                    error = ?err,
+                    "gateway local openai image decision scheduler selection failed"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+        if !matches_client_format {
+            candidates.retain(|candidate| {
+                auth_snapshot_allows_cross_format_candidate(
+                    &input.auth_snapshot,
+                    &input.requested_model,
+                    candidate,
+                    false,
+                )
+            });
         }
-    };
+        attempts.extend(
+            materialize_local_openai_image_candidate_attempts(
+                planner_state,
+                trace_id,
+                input,
+                body_json,
+                candidates,
+                preselection_skipped
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|item| SkippedLocalExecutionCandidate {
+                        candidate: item.candidate,
+                        skip_reason: item.skip_reason,
+                        transport: None,
+                        ranking: None,
+                        extra_data: None,
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                api_format,
+            )
+            .await,
+        );
+    }
 
-    Some(
-        materialize_local_openai_image_candidate_attempts(
-            planner_state,
-            trace_id,
-            input,
-            body_json,
-            candidates,
-            preselection_skipped
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|item| SkippedLocalExecutionCandidate {
-                    candidate: item.candidate,
-                    skip_reason: item.skip_reason,
-                    transport: None,
-                    ranking: None,
-                    extra_data: None,
-                })
-                .collect(),
-            api_format,
-        )
-        .await,
-    )
+    Some(attempts)
 }
 
 pub(super) async fn build_local_openai_image_candidate_attempt_source<'a>(
@@ -145,29 +163,56 @@ pub(super) async fn build_local_openai_image_candidate_attempt_source<'a>(
     decision_kind: &str,
 ) -> Result<Option<(LocalOpenAiImageCandidateAttemptSource<'a>, usize)>, GatewayError> {
     let planner_state = PlannerAppState::new(state);
-    let (candidates, preselection_skipped) = match planner_state
-        .list_selectable_candidates_with_skip_reasons(
-            api_format,
-            &input.requested_model,
-            false,
-            input.required_capabilities.as_ref(),
-            Some(&input.auth_snapshot),
-            input.client_session_affinity.as_ref(),
-            current_unix_secs(),
-        )
-        .await
-    {
-        Ok(candidates) => candidates,
-        Err(err) => {
-            warn!(
-                trace_id = %trace_id,
-                decision_kind,
-                error = ?err,
-                "gateway local openai image decision scheduler selection failed"
-            );
-            return Ok(None);
+    let mut candidates = Vec::new();
+    let mut preselection_skipped = Vec::new();
+    for candidate_api_format in image_candidate_api_formats(api_format) {
+        let matches_client_format = candidate_api_format == api_format;
+        match planner_state
+            .list_selectable_candidates_with_skip_reasons(
+                candidate_api_format,
+                &input.requested_model,
+                false,
+                input.required_capabilities.as_ref(),
+                matches_client_format.then_some(&input.auth_snapshot),
+                input.client_session_affinity.as_ref(),
+                current_unix_secs(),
+            )
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok((mut format_candidates, mut format_skipped)) => {
+                if !matches_client_format {
+                    format_candidates.retain(|candidate| {
+                        auth_snapshot_allows_cross_format_candidate(
+                            &input.auth_snapshot,
+                            &input.requested_model,
+                            candidate,
+                            false,
+                        )
+                    });
+                    format_skipped.retain(|candidate| {
+                        auth_snapshot_allows_cross_format_candidate(
+                            &input.auth_snapshot,
+                            &input.requested_model,
+                            &candidate.candidate,
+                            false,
+                        )
+                    });
+                }
+                candidates.append(&mut format_candidates);
+                preselection_skipped.append(&mut format_skipped);
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!(
+                    trace_id = %trace_id,
+                    decision_kind,
+                    api_format = candidate_api_format,
+                    error = ?err,
+                    "gateway local openai image decision scheduler selection failed"
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
         }
-    };
+    }
 
     let sticky_session_token = extract_pool_sticky_session_token(body_json);
     let persistence_policy = build_local_candidate_persistence_policy(
@@ -198,23 +243,34 @@ pub(super) async fn build_local_openai_image_candidate_attempt_source<'a>(
                 extra_data: None,
             })
             .collect(),
-        LocalCandidateResolutionMode::Standard,
+        LocalCandidateResolutionMode::WithoutTransportPairGate,
         |eligible| {
             Some(build_local_execution_candidate_metadata(
                 LocalExecutionCandidateMetadataParts {
                     eligible,
-                    provider_api_format: api_format,
+                    provider_api_format: eligible.provider_api_format.as_str(),
                     client_api_format: api_format,
                     extra_fields: serde_json::Map::new(),
                 },
             ))
         },
         |mut skipped_candidate| {
+            let provider_api_format = skipped_candidate
+                .transport
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|transport| transport.endpoint.api_format.trim().to_ascii_lowercase())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    skipped_candidate
+                        .candidate
+                        .endpoint_api_format
+                        .trim()
+                        .to_ascii_lowercase()
+                });
             skipped_candidate.extra_data =
                 Some(build_local_execution_candidate_metadata_for_candidate(
                     &skipped_candidate.candidate,
                     skipped_candidate.transport_ref(),
-                    api_format,
+                    provider_api_format.as_str(),
                     api_format,
                     serde_json::Map::new(),
                 ));
@@ -254,23 +310,34 @@ async fn materialize_local_openai_image_candidate_attempts(
         persistence_policy,
         candidates,
         preselection_skipped,
-        LocalCandidateResolutionMode::Standard,
+        LocalCandidateResolutionMode::WithoutTransportPairGate,
         |eligible| {
             Some(build_local_execution_candidate_metadata(
                 LocalExecutionCandidateMetadataParts {
                     eligible,
-                    provider_api_format: api_format,
+                    provider_api_format: eligible.provider_api_format.as_str(),
                     client_api_format: api_format,
                     extra_fields: serde_json::Map::new(),
                 },
             ))
         },
         |mut skipped_candidate| {
+            let provider_api_format = skipped_candidate
+                .transport
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|transport| transport.endpoint.api_format.trim().to_ascii_lowercase())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    skipped_candidate
+                        .candidate
+                        .endpoint_api_format
+                        .trim()
+                        .to_ascii_lowercase()
+                });
             skipped_candidate.extra_data =
                 Some(build_local_execution_candidate_metadata_for_candidate(
                     &skipped_candidate.candidate,
                     skipped_candidate.transport_ref(),
-                    api_format,
+                    provider_api_format.as_str(),
                     api_format,
                     serde_json::Map::new(),
                 ));
@@ -282,6 +349,14 @@ async fn materialize_local_openai_image_candidate_attempts(
     outcome.attempts
 }
 
+fn image_candidate_api_formats(api_format: &str) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+    if api_format.trim().eq_ignore_ascii_case("openai:image") {
+        vec!["openai:image", "gemini:generate_content"]
+    } else {
+        request_candidate_api_formats(api_format, false)
+    }
+}
+
 pub(super) async fn mark_skipped_local_openai_image_candidate(
     state: &AppState,
     input: &LocalOpenAiImageDecisionInput,

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/standard/family/candidates.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_metadata::{
     LocalExecutionCandidateMetadataParts,
 };
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_source::{
+    preselect_local_execution_candidates_for_api_formats_with_serving,
     preselect_local_execution_candidates_with_serving, LocalCandidatePreselectionKeyMode,
 };
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::common::extract_requested_model_from_request;
@@ -23,7 +24,8 @@ use crate::ai_serving::planner::materialization_policy::{
 use crate::ai_serving::planner::spec_metadata::local_standard_spec_metadata;
 use crate::ai_serving::{
     ai_local_execution_contract_for_formats, extract_pool_sticky_session_token,
-    resolve_local_decision_execution_runtime_auth_context, GatewayControlDecision, PlannerAppState,
+    gemini_request_is_image_generation, resolve_local_decision_execution_runtime_auth_context,
+    GatewayControlDecision, PlannerAppState,
 };
 use crate::client_session_affinity::client_session_affinity_from_parts;
 use crate::{AppState, GatewayError};
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ pub(super) async fn materialize_local_standard_candidate_attempts(
     spec: LocalStandardSpec,
 ) -> Result<(Vec<LocalStandardCandidateAttempt>, usize), GatewayError> {
     let spec_metadata = local_standard_spec_metadata(spec);
+    let is_gemini_image_bridge = spec_metadata.api_format == "gemini:generate_content"
+        && gemini_request_is_image_generation(body_json);
     let planner_state = PlannerAppState::new(state);
     let sticky_session_token = extract_pool_sticky_session_token(body_json);
     let persistence_policy = build_local_candidate_persistence_policy(
@@ -105,6 +109,17 @@ pub(super) async fn materialize_local_standard_candidate_attempts(
         LocalCandidatePreselectionKeyMode::ProviderEndpointKeyModelAndApiFormat,
     )
     .await?;
+    let (candidates, skipped_candidates) = maybe_append_gemini_image_openai_image_preselection(
+        state,
+        planner_state,
+        trace_id,
+        input,
+        body_json,
+        spec,
+        preselection.candidates,
+        preselection.skipped_candidates,
+    )
+    .await?;
     let outcome = materialize_local_execution_candidates_with_serving(
         planner_state,
         trace_id,
@@ -116,9 +131,13 @@ pub(super) async fn materialize_local_standard_candidate_attempts(
         sticky_session_token.as_deref(),
         input.request_auth_channel.as_deref(),
         persistence_policy,
-        preselection.candidates,
-        preselection.skipped_candidates,
-        LocalCandidateResolutionMode::Standard,
+        candidates,
+        skipped_candidates,
+        if is_gemini_image_bridge {
+            LocalCandidateResolutionMode::WithoutTransportPairGate
+        } else {
+            LocalCandidateResolutionMode::Standard
+        },
         |eligible| {
             let provider_api_format = eligible.provider_api_format.clone();
             let (execution_strategy, conversion_mode) = ai_local_execution_contract_for_formats(
@@ -188,7 +207,18 @@ pub(super) async fn build_local_standard_candidate_attempt_source<'a>(
         input.required_capabilities.as_ref(),
         LocalCandidatePersistencePolicyKind::StandardDecision,
     );
-    Ok(
+    if spec_metadata.api_format == "gemini:generate_content"
+        && gemini_request_is_image_generation(body_json)
+    {
+        let (attempts, candidate_count) =
+            materialize_local_standard_candidate_attempts(state, trace_id, input, body_json, spec)
+                .await?;
+        let source =
+            LocalExecutionCandidateAttemptSource::from_static_attempts_for_image_bridge(attempts);
+        return Ok((source, candidate_count));
+    }
+
+    let (source, candidate_count) =
         build_lazy_requested_model_execution_candidate_attempt_source_with_serving(
             planner_state,
             trace_id,
@@ -253,6 +283,51 @@ pub(super) async fn build_local_standard_candidate_attempt_source<'a>(
                 skipped_candidate
             },
         )
-        .await,
-    )
+        .await;
+    Ok((source, candidate_count))
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+async fn maybe_append_gemini_image_openai_image_preselection(
+    state: &AppState,
+    planner_state: PlannerAppState<'_>,
+    trace_id: &str,
+    input: &LocalStandardDecisionInput,
+    body_json: &serde_json::Value,
+    spec: LocalStandardSpec,
+    mut candidates: Vec<aether_scheduler_core::SchedulerMinimalCandidateSelectionCandidate>,
+    mut skipped_candidates: Vec<
+        crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_resolution::SkippedLocalExecutionCandidate,
+    >,
+) -> Result<
+    (
+        Vec<aether_scheduler_core::SchedulerMinimalCandidateSelectionCandidate>,
+        Vec<crate::ai_serving::planner::candidate_resolution::SkippedLocalExecutionCandidate>,
+    ),
+    GatewayError,
+> {
+    let spec_metadata = local_standard_spec_metadata(spec);
+    if spec_metadata.api_format != "gemini:generate_content"
+        || !gemini_request_is_image_generation(body_json)
+    {
+        return Ok((candidates, skipped_candidates));
+    }
+
+    let image_preselection = preselect_local_execution_candidates_for_api_formats_with_serving(
+        planner_state,
+        spec_metadata.api_format,
+        &input.requested_model,
+        spec_metadata.require_streaming,
+        input.required_capabilities.as_ref(),
+        &input.auth_snapshot,
+        input.client_session_affinity.as_ref(),
+        false,
+        LocalCandidatePreselectionKeyMode::ProviderEndpointKeyModelAndApiFormat,
+        vec!["openai:image".to_string()],
+    )
+    .await?;
+    candidates.extend(image_preselection.candidates);
+    skipped_candidates.extend(image_preselection.skipped_candidates);
+    let _ = (state, trace_id);
+    Ok((candidates, skipped_candidates))
 }

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/planner/standard/family/request.rs

@@ -18,10 +18,13 @@ use crate::ai_serving::transport::kiro::{
     KIRO_ENVELOPE_NAME,
 };
 use crate::ai_serving::transport::{
-    build_kiro_cross_format_upstream_url, build_standard_provider_request_headers,
-    StandardProviderRequestHeadersInput,
+    build_kiro_cross_format_upstream_url, build_openai_image_headers,
+    build_openai_image_upstream_url, build_standard_provider_request_headers,
+    openai_image_transport_unsupported_reason, resolve_openai_image_auth,
+    ProviderOpenAiImageHeadersInput, StandardProviderRequestHeadersInput,
 };
 use crate::ai_serving::{
+    build_openai_image_request_body_from_gemini_image_request, gemini_request_is_image_generation,
     CandidateFailureDiagnostic, GatewayProviderTransportSnapshot, LocalResolvedOAuthRequestAuth,
 };
 use crate::AppState;
@@ -59,6 +62,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn resolve_local_standard_candidate_payload_parts(
     let candidate = &attempt.eligible.candidate;
     let transport = &attempt.eligible.transport;
     let provider_api_format = attempt.eligible.provider_api_format.as_str();
+    if spec_metadata.api_format == "gemini:generate_content"
+        && provider_api_format == "openai:image"
+        && gemini_request_is_image_generation(body_json)
+    {
+        return resolve_local_gemini_image_to_openai_image_candidate_payload_parts(
+            state, parts, trace_id, body_json, input, attempt,
+        )
+        .await;
+    }
     let is_kiro_claude_cli = is_kiro_claude_messages_transport(transport, provider_api_format);
     let Some(conversion_kind) =
         crate::ai_serving::request_conversion_kind(spec_metadata.api_format, provider_api_format)
@@ -331,6 +343,141 @@ pub(crate) async fn resolve_local_standard_candidate_payload_parts(
     })
 }
 
+async fn resolve_local_gemini_image_to_openai_image_candidate_payload_parts(
+    state: &AppState,
+    parts: &http::request::Parts,
+    trace_id: &str,
+    body_json: &serde_json::Value,
+    input: &LocalStandardDecisionInput,
+    attempt: &LocalStandardCandidateAttempt,
+) -> Option<LocalStandardCandidatePayloadParts> {
+    let client_api_format = "gemini:generate_content";
+    let provider_api_format = "openai:image";
+    let planner_state = crate::ai_serving::PlannerAppState::new(state);
+    let candidate = &attempt.eligible.candidate;
+    let transport = &attempt.eligible.transport;
+
+    if let Some(skip_reason) =
+        openai_image_transport_unsupported_reason(transport, provider_api_format)
+    {
+        mark_skipped_local_standard_candidate(
+            state,
+            input,
+            trace_id,
+            candidate,
+            attempt.candidate_index,
+            &attempt.candidate_id,
+            skip_reason,
+        )
+        .await;
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let prepared_candidate = match prepare_header_authenticated_candidate(
+        planner_state,
+        transport,
+        candidate,
+        resolve_openai_image_auth(transport),
+        OauthPreparationContext {
+            trace_id,
+            api_format: provider_api_format,
+            operation: "gemini_image_to_openai_image_candidate_request",
+        },
+    )
+    .await
+    {
+        Ok(prepared) => prepared,
+        Err(skip_reason) => {
+            mark_skipped_local_standard_candidate(
+                state,
+                input,
+                trace_id,
+                candidate,
+                attempt.candidate_index,
+                &attempt.candidate_id,
+                skip_reason,
+            )
+            .await;
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let Some(converted) = build_openai_image_request_body_from_gemini_image_request(
+        body_json,
+        parts.uri.path(),
+        &prepared_candidate.mapped_model,
+    ) else {
+        mark_skipped_local_standard_candidate_with_extra_data(
+            state,
+            input,
+            trace_id,
+            candidate,
+            attempt.candidate_index,
+            &attempt.candidate_id,
+            "provider_request_body_build_failed",
+            request_body_build_failure_extra_data(
+                body_json,
+                client_api_format,
+                provider_api_format,
+            ),
+        )
+        .await;
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let upstream_is_stream = true;
+    let upstream_url = build_openai_image_upstream_url(transport, None);
+    let Some(mut provider_request_headers) =
+        build_openai_image_headers(ProviderOpenAiImageHeadersInput {
+            headers: &parts.headers,
+            auth_header: &prepared_candidate.auth_header,
+            auth_value: &prepared_candidate.auth_value,
+            header_rules: transport.endpoint.header_rules.as_ref(),
+            provider_request_body: &converted.body_json,
+            original_request_body: body_json,
+        })
+    else {
+        mark_skipped_local_standard_candidate_with_failure_diagnostic(
+            state,
+            input,
+            trace_id,
+            candidate,
+            attempt.candidate_index,
+            &attempt.candidate_id,
+            "transport_header_rules_apply_failed",
+            CandidateFailureDiagnostic::header_rules_apply_failed(
+                client_api_format,
+                provider_api_format,
+                "gemini_image_to_openai_image_headers",
+            ),
+        )
+        .await;
+        return None;
+    };
+    apply_codex_openai_responses_special_headers(
+        &mut provider_request_headers,
+        &converted.body_json,
+        &parts.headers,
+        transport.provider.provider_type.as_str(),
+        provider_api_format,
+        Some(trace_id),
+        transport.key.decrypted_auth_config.as_deref(),
+    );
+
+    Some(LocalStandardCandidatePayloadParts {
+        auth_header: prepared_candidate.auth_header,
+        auth_value: prepared_candidate.auth_value,
+        mapped_model: converted.mapped_model,
+        provider_api_format: provider_api_format.to_string(),
+        provider_request_body: converted.body_json,
+        provider_request_headers,
+        upstream_url,
+        upstream_is_stream,
+        envelope_name: None,
+        transport: Arc::clone(transport),
+    })
+}
+
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 async fn build_kiro_cross_format_payload_parts(
     state: &AppState,

apps/aether-gateway/src/ai_serving/pure/mod.rs

@@ -10,14 +10,20 @@ pub(crate) use aether_ai_formats::api::{
     build_cross_format_openai_chat_request_body_with_model_directives,
     build_cross_format_openai_responses_request_body,
     build_cross_format_openai_responses_request_body_with_model_directives,
-    build_generated_tool_call_id, build_kiro_final_message_sse_events,
-    build_kiro_initial_sse_events, build_kiro_stream_error_sse_events,
-    build_local_openai_chat_request_body,
+    build_gemini_image_request_body_from_openai_image_request,
+    build_gemini_image_response_from_openai_image_response,
+    build_gemini_image_response_from_openai_responses_image_response, build_generated_tool_call_id,
+    build_kiro_final_message_sse_events, build_kiro_initial_sse_events,
+    build_kiro_stream_error_sse_events, build_local_openai_chat_request_body,
     build_local_openai_chat_request_body_with_model_directives,
     build_local_openai_responses_request_body,
     build_local_openai_responses_request_body_with_model_directives,
     build_local_success_background_report, build_local_success_conversion_background_report,
-    build_openai_image_provider_request_body, build_openai_responses_response,
+    build_openai_image_provider_body_from_response_stream_sync_body,
+    build_openai_image_provider_request_body,
+    build_openai_image_request_body_from_gemini_image_request,
+    build_openai_image_response_from_gemini_response,
+    build_openai_image_response_from_response_stream_sync_body, build_openai_responses_response,
     build_standard_request_body, build_standard_request_body_from_canonical,
     build_standard_request_body_from_canonical_with_model_directives,
     build_standard_request_body_with_model_directives,
@@ -37,10 +43,10 @@ pub(crate) use aether_ai_formats::api::{
     encode_kiro_sse_events, estimate_kiro_tokens, extract_openai_text_content,
     find_kiro_real_thinking_end_tag, find_kiro_real_thinking_end_tag_at_buffer_end,
     find_kiro_real_thinking_start_tag, force_upstream_streaming_for_provider,
-    implicit_sync_finalize_report_kind, is_core_error_finalize_kind,
-    is_matching_stream_http_request, is_matching_stream_request, is_openai_image_stream_request,
-    is_openai_responses_family_format, is_openai_responses_format, kiro_crc32,
-    map_claude_stop_reason, map_openai_reasoning_effort_to_claude_output,
+    gemini_request_is_image_generation, implicit_sync_finalize_report_kind,
+    is_core_error_finalize_kind, is_matching_stream_http_request, is_matching_stream_request,
+    is_openai_image_stream_request, is_openai_responses_family_format, is_openai_responses_format,
+    kiro_crc32, map_claude_stop_reason, map_openai_reasoning_effort_to_claude_output,
     map_openai_reasoning_effort_to_gemini_budget, maybe_bridge_standard_sync_json_to_stream,
     maybe_build_ai_surface_stream_rewriter,
     maybe_build_openai_chat_cross_format_sync_product_from_normalized_payload,
@@ -72,6 +78,7 @@ pub(crate) use aether_ai_formats::api::{
     resolve_local_same_format_stream_spec, resolve_local_same_format_sync_spec,
     resolve_local_video_sync_spec, resolve_openai_chat_max_tokens,
     resolve_openai_responses_stream_spec, resolve_openai_responses_sync_spec,
+    resolve_requested_gemini_image_model_for_request,
     resolve_requested_openai_image_model_for_request, stream_body_contains_error_event,
     supports_stream_execution_decision_kind, supports_sync_execution_decision_kind,
     sync_chat_response_conversion_kind, sync_cli_response_conversion_kind,
@@ -79,15 +86,16 @@ pub(crate) use aether_ai_formats::api::{
     AiSurfaceFinalizeError, AiSurfaceStreamRewriter, CanonicalStreamFrame,
     ChatGptWebImageRequestError, ClaudeClientEmitter, ClaudeProviderState,
     ExecutionRuntimeAuthContext, FinalizeStreamRewriteMode, FormatContext, GeminiClientEmitter,
-    GeminiProviderState, KiroToClaudeCliStreamState, LocalCoreSyncErrorKind, LocalGeminiFilesSpec,
-    LocalOpenAiImageSpec, LocalOpenAiResponsesSpec, LocalSameFormatProviderFamily,
-    LocalSameFormatProviderSpec, LocalStandardSourceFamily, LocalStandardSourceMode,
-    LocalStandardSpec, LocalSyncReportParts, LocalVideoCreateFamily, LocalVideoCreateSpec,
-    NormalizedOpenAiImageRequest, OpenAIChatClientEmitter, OpenAIChatProviderState,
-    OpenAIResponsesClientEmitter, OpenAIResponsesProviderState, OpenAiImageOperation,
-    OpenAiImageResponseFormat, OpenAiImageStreamState, OpenAiImageSyncFinalizeProduct,
-    ProviderAdaptationDescriptor, ProviderAdaptationSurface, ProviderPrivateStreamNormalizer,
-    RequestConversionKind, StandardCrossFormatSyncProduct, StandardSyncFinalizeNormalizedProduct,
+    GeminiImageRequestForOpenAi, GeminiProviderState, KiroToClaudeCliStreamState,
+    LocalCoreSyncErrorKind, LocalGeminiFilesSpec, LocalOpenAiImageSpec, LocalOpenAiResponsesSpec,
+    LocalSameFormatProviderFamily, LocalSameFormatProviderSpec, LocalStandardSourceFamily,
+    LocalStandardSourceMode, LocalStandardSpec, LocalSyncReportParts, LocalVideoCreateFamily,
+    LocalVideoCreateSpec, NormalizedOpenAiImageRequest, OpenAIChatClientEmitter,
+    OpenAIChatProviderState, OpenAIResponsesClientEmitter, OpenAIResponsesProviderState,
+    OpenAiImageOperation, OpenAiImageRequestForGemini, OpenAiImageResponseFormat,
+    OpenAiImageStreamState, OpenAiImageSyncFinalizeProduct, ProviderAdaptationDescriptor,
+    ProviderAdaptationSurface, ProviderPrivateStreamNormalizer, RequestConversionKind,
+    StandardCrossFormatSyncProduct, StandardSyncFinalizeNormalizedProduct,
     StreamingStandardFormatMatrix, SyncChatResponseConversionKind, SyncCliResponseConversionKind,
     SyncToStreamBridgeOutcome, ANTIGRAVITY_V1INTERNAL_ENVELOPE_NAME, CLAUDE_CHAT_STREAM_PLAN_KIND,
     CLAUDE_CHAT_STREAM_SUCCESS_REPORT_KIND, CLAUDE_CHAT_SYNC_ERROR_REPORT_KIND,

apps/aether-gateway/src/control/route/admin/operations_families.rs

@@ -113,6 +113,34 @@ pub(super) fn classify_admin_operations_family_route(
             "admin:proxy_nodes",
             false,
         ))
+    } else if method == http::Method::GET
+        && matches!(
+            normalized_path,
+            "/api/admin/proxy-nodes/metrics/fleet" | "/api/admin/proxy-nodes/metrics/fleet/"
+        )
+    {
+        Some(classified(
+            "admin_proxy",
+            "proxy_nodes_manage",
+            "list_fleet_metrics",
+            "admin:proxy_nodes",
+            false,
+        ))
+    } else if method == http::Method::GET
+        && normalized_path_no_trailing.starts_with("/api/admin/proxy-nodes/")
+        && normalized_path_no_trailing.ends_with("/metrics")
+        && normalized_path_no_trailing["/api/admin/proxy-nodes/".len()..]
+            .split('/')
+            .count()
+            == 2
+    {
+        Some(classified(
+            "admin_proxy",
+            "proxy_nodes_manage",
+            "list_node_metrics",
+            "admin:proxy_nodes",
+            false,
+        ))
     } else if method == http::Method::GET
         && normalized_path_no_trailing.starts_with("/api/admin/proxy-nodes/")
         && normalized_path_no_trailing["/api/admin/proxy-nodes/".len()..]

apps/aether-gateway/src/control/tests/admin_proxy_nodes.rs

@@ -100,6 +100,24 @@ fn classifies_admin_proxy_nodes_detail_as_admin_proxy_route() {
     );
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn classifies_admin_proxy_node_metrics_as_admin_proxy_route() {
+    assert_proxy_nodes_admin_route(
+        http::Method::GET,
+        "/api/admin/proxy-nodes/node-1/metrics?from=1700000000&to=1700003600&step=1m",
+        "list_node_metrics",
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn classifies_admin_proxy_fleet_metrics_as_admin_proxy_route() {
+    assert_proxy_nodes_admin_route(
+        http::Method::GET,
+        "/api/admin/proxy-nodes/metrics/fleet?from=1700000000&to=1700003600&step=1m",
+        "list_fleet_metrics",
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn classifies_admin_proxy_nodes_delete_as_admin_proxy_route() {
     assert_proxy_nodes_admin_route(

apps/aether-gateway/src/data/state/auth.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ use super::{
     RegenerateManagementTokenSecret, StoredAuthApiKeyExportRecord, StoredAuthApiKeySnapshot,
     StoredLdapModuleConfig, StoredManagementToken, StoredManagementTokenListPage,
     StoredManagementTokenWithUser, StoredOAuthProviderConfig, StoredOAuthProviderModuleConfig,
-    StoredProxyNode, StoredProxyNodeEvent, StoredUserAuthRecord, StoredUserOAuthLinkSummary,
+    StoredProxyFleetMetricsBucket, StoredProxyNode, StoredProxyNodeEvent,
+    StoredProxyNodeMetricsBucket, StoredUserAuthRecord, StoredUserOAuthLinkSummary,
     StoredUserPreferenceRecord, StoredUserSessionRecord, StoredWalletSnapshot,
     UpdateManagementTokenRecord, UpsertOAuthProviderConfigRecord,
 };
@@ -979,6 +980,56 @@ impl GatewayDataState {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) async fn list_proxy_node_events_filtered(
+        &self,
+        node_id: &str,
+        query: &super::ProxyNodeEventQuery,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<StoredProxyNodeEvent>, DataLayerError> {
+        match &self.proxy_node_reader {
+            Some(repository) => {
+                repository
+                    .list_proxy_node_events_filtered(node_id, query)
+                    .await
+            }
+            None => Ok(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn list_proxy_node_metrics(
+        &self,
+        node_id: &str,
+        step: super::ProxyNodeMetricsStep,
+        from_unix_secs: u64,
+        to_unix_secs: u64,
+        limit: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<StoredProxyNodeMetricsBucket>, DataLayerError> {
+        match &self.proxy_node_reader {
+            Some(repository) => {
+                repository
+                    .list_proxy_node_metrics(node_id, step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit)
+                    .await
+            }
+            None => Ok(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn list_proxy_fleet_metrics(
+        &self,
+        step: super::ProxyNodeMetricsStep,
+        from_unix_secs: u64,
+        to_unix_secs: u64,
+        limit: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<StoredProxyFleetMetricsBucket>, DataLayerError> {
+        match &self.proxy_node_reader {
+            Some(repository) => {
+                repository
+                    .list_proxy_fleet_metrics(step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit)
+                    .await
+            }
+            None => Ok(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) async fn register_proxy_node(
         &self,
         mutation: &ProxyNodeRegistrationMutation,
@@ -1018,6 +1069,21 @@ impl GatewayDataState {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) async fn cleanup_proxy_node_metrics(
+        &self,
+        retain_1m_from_unix_secs: u64,
+        retain_1h_from_unix_secs: u64,
+    ) -> Result<super::ProxyNodeMetricsCleanupSummary, DataLayerError> {
+        match &self.proxy_node_writer {
+            Some(repository) => {
+                repository
+                    .cleanup_proxy_node_metrics(retain_1m_from_unix_secs, retain_1h_from_unix_secs)
+                    .await
+            }
+            None => Ok(super::ProxyNodeMetricsCleanupSummary::default()),
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) async fn apply_proxy_node_heartbeat(
         &self,
         mutation: &ProxyNodeHeartbeatMutation,

apps/aether-gateway/src/data/state/mod.rs

@@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ use aether_data::repository::oauth_providers::{
     UpsertOAuthProviderConfigRecord,
 };
 use aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::{
-    ProxyNodeHeartbeatMutation, ProxyNodeManualCreateMutation, ProxyNodeManualUpdateMutation,
+    ProxyNodeEventQuery, ProxyNodeHeartbeatMutation, ProxyNodeManualCreateMutation,
+    ProxyNodeManualUpdateMutation, ProxyNodeMetricsCleanupSummary, ProxyNodeMetricsStep,
     ProxyNodeReadRepository, ProxyNodeRegistrationMutation, ProxyNodeRemoteConfigMutation,
     ProxyNodeTrafficMutation, ProxyNodeTunnelStatusMutation, ProxyNodeWriteRepository,
-    StoredProxyNode, StoredProxyNodeEvent,
+    StoredProxyFleetMetricsBucket, StoredProxyNode, StoredProxyNodeEvent,
+    StoredProxyNodeMetricsBucket,
 };
 pub(crate) use aether_data::repository::system::{AdminSystemStats, StoredSystemConfigEntry};
 use aether_data::repository::users::{

apps/aether-gateway/src/handlers/admin/provider/write/normalize.rs

@@ -104,11 +104,7 @@ pub(crate) fn normalize_allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats(
             normalized.push(serde_json::Value::String(canonical));
         }
     }
-    if normalized.is_empty() {
-        Ok(None)
-    } else {
-        Ok(Some(serde_json::Value::Array(normalized)))
-    }
+    Ok(Some(serde_json::Value::Array(normalized)))
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn normalize_auth_type(value: Option<&str>) -> Result<String, String> {
@@ -179,9 +175,9 @@ fn normalize_json_like_object(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::{
-        normalize_api_format_json_object_keys, normalize_api_format_list, normalize_auth_type,
-        normalize_auth_type_by_format, normalize_pool_advanced_config,
-        normalize_provider_type_input, validate_vertex_api_formats,
+        normalize_allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats, normalize_api_format_json_object_keys,
+        normalize_api_format_list, normalize_auth_type, normalize_auth_type_by_format,
+        normalize_pool_advanced_config, normalize_provider_type_input, validate_vertex_api_formats,
     };
     use serde_json::json;
 
@@ -280,6 +276,36 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats_preserves_explicit_empty_array() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats(
+                Some(Vec::new()),
+                "allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats",
+                &["claude:messages".to_string()],
+            )
+            .expect("empty array should normalize"),
+            Some(json!([]))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats_normalizes_and_dedupes_values() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats(
+                Some(vec![
+                    "claude:messages".to_string(),
+                    "CLAUDE:MESSAGES".to_string(),
+                    " claude:messages ".to_string(),
+                ]),
+                "allow_auth_channel_mismatch_formats",
+                &["claude:messages".to_string()],
+            )
+            .expect("format list should normalize"),
+            Some(json!(["claude:messages"]))
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn validate_vertex_api_formats_uses_canonical_message_formats() {
         assert!(validate_vertex_api_formats(

apps/aether-gateway/src/handlers/admin/request/system/proxy_nodes.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ use crate::handlers::shared::unix_secs_to_rfc3339;
 use crate::maintenance::{inspect_proxy_upgrade_rollout, ProxyUpgradeRolloutStatus};
 use crate::GatewayError;
 use aether_admin::system::{
-    build_admin_proxy_node_event_payload, build_admin_proxy_node_events_payload_response,
-    build_admin_proxy_node_payload, build_admin_proxy_nodes_data_unavailable_response,
+    build_admin_proxy_fleet_metrics_payload_response, build_admin_proxy_node_event_payload,
+    build_admin_proxy_node_events_payload_response,
+    build_admin_proxy_node_metrics_payload_response, build_admin_proxy_node_payload,
+    build_admin_proxy_nodes_data_unavailable_response,
     build_admin_proxy_nodes_invalid_status_response, build_admin_proxy_nodes_list_payload_response,
     build_admin_proxy_nodes_not_found_response,
 };
@@ -84,6 +86,30 @@ impl<'a> AdminAppState<'a> {
     pub(crate) async fn build_admin_proxy_node_events_response(
         &self,
         node_id: &str,
+        query: &aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::ProxyNodeEventQuery,
+    ) -> Result<Response<Body>, GatewayError> {
+        if !self.has_proxy_node_reader() {
+            return Ok(build_admin_proxy_nodes_data_unavailable_response());
+        }
+        if self.find_proxy_node(node_id).await?.is_none() {
+            return Ok(build_admin_proxy_nodes_not_found_response());
+        }
+        let items = self
+            .app
+            .list_proxy_node_events_filtered(node_id, query)
+            .await?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|event| build_admin_proxy_node_event_payload(&event))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        Ok(build_admin_proxy_node_events_payload_response(items))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn build_admin_proxy_node_metrics_response(
+        &self,
+        node_id: &str,
+        step: aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::ProxyNodeMetricsStep,
+        from_unix_secs: u64,
+        to_unix_secs: u64,
         limit: usize,
     ) -> Result<Response<Body>, GatewayError> {
         if !self.has_proxy_node_reader() {
@@ -93,12 +119,37 @@ impl<'a> AdminAppState<'a> {
             return Ok(build_admin_proxy_nodes_not_found_response());
         }
         let items = self
-            .list_proxy_node_events(node_id, limit)
-            .await?
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|event| build_admin_proxy_node_event_payload(&event))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        Ok(build_admin_proxy_node_events_payload_response(items))
+            .app
+            .list_proxy_node_metrics(node_id, step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(build_admin_proxy_node_metrics_payload_response(
+            step,
+            from_unix_secs,
+            to_unix_secs,
+            items,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn build_admin_proxy_fleet_metrics_response(
+        &self,
+        step: aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::ProxyNodeMetricsStep,
+        from_unix_secs: u64,
+        to_unix_secs: u64,
+        limit: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Response<Body>, GatewayError> {
+        if !self.has_proxy_node_reader() {
+            return Ok(build_admin_proxy_nodes_data_unavailable_response());
+        }
+        let items = self
+            .app
+            .list_proxy_fleet_metrics(step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(build_admin_proxy_fleet_metrics_payload_response(
+            step,
+            from_unix_secs,
+            to_unix_secs,
+            items,
+        ))
     }
 
     pub(crate) async fn unregister_proxy_node(

apps/aether-gateway/src/handlers/admin/system/proxy_nodes.rs

@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@ use crate::maintenance::{
 };
 use crate::GatewayError;
 use aether_admin::system::{
-    admin_proxy_node_event_node_id_from_path, build_admin_proxy_node_payload,
-    build_admin_proxy_nodes_data_unavailable_response, build_admin_proxy_nodes_not_found_response,
+    admin_proxy_node_event_node_id_from_path, admin_proxy_node_metrics_node_id_from_path,
+    build_admin_proxy_node_payload, build_admin_proxy_nodes_data_unavailable_response,
+    build_admin_proxy_nodes_not_found_response,
 };
 use aether_contracts::tunnel::{
     TUNNEL_RELAY_FORWARDED_BY_HEADER, TUNNEL_RELAY_OWNER_INSTANCE_HEADER,
 };
+use aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::{ProxyNodeEventQuery, ProxyNodeMetricsStep};
 use axum::{
     body::{Body, Bytes},
     http,
@@ -148,6 +150,9 @@ const DEFAULT_PROXY_CONNECTIVITY_PROBE_URL: &str = "https://www.cloudflare.com/c
 const PROXY_CONNECTIVITY_TIMEOUT_SECS: u64 = 10;
 const TUNNEL_RELAY_ENVELOPE_CONTENT_TYPE: &str = "application/vnd.aether.tunnel-envelope";
 const MAX_PROXY_CONNECTIVITY_RESPONSE_BYTES: usize = 64 * 1024;
+const PROXY_NODE_METRICS_MAX_POINTS: usize = 50_000;
+const PROXY_NODE_METRICS_1M_MAX_WINDOW_SECS: u64 = 30 * 24 * 60 * 60;
+const PROXY_NODE_METRICS_1H_MAX_WINDOW_SECS: u64 = 365 * 24 * 60 * 60;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 fn manual_proxy_connectivity_probe_url_override() -> &'static std::sync::RwLock<Option<String>> {
@@ -244,13 +249,53 @@ pub(crate) async fn maybe_build_local_admin_proxy_nodes_response(
             return Ok(Some(build_admin_proxy_nodes_not_found_response()));
         };
 
-        let limit = query_param_value(request_context.query_string(), "limit")
-            .and_then(|value| value.parse::<usize>().ok())
-            .filter(|value| *value > 0 && *value <= 200)
-            .unwrap_or(50);
+        let query = match parse_proxy_node_event_query(request_context.query_string()) {
+            Ok(query) => query,
+            Err(response) => return Ok(Some(response)),
+        };
         return Ok(Some(
             state
-                .build_admin_proxy_node_events_response(node_id, limit)
+                .build_admin_proxy_node_events_response(node_id, &query)
+                .await?,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if decision.route_kind.as_deref() == Some("list_node_metrics")
+        && request_context.method() == http::Method::GET
+    {
+        let Some(node_id) = admin_proxy_node_metrics_node_id_from_path(request_context.path())
+        else {
+            return Ok(Some(build_admin_proxy_nodes_not_found_response()));
+        };
+        let (step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit) =
+            match parse_proxy_node_metrics_query(request_context.query_string()) {
+                Ok(query) => query,
+                Err(response) => return Ok(Some(response)),
+            };
+        return Ok(Some(
+            state
+                .build_admin_proxy_node_metrics_response(
+                    node_id,
+                    step,
+                    from_unix_secs,
+                    to_unix_secs,
+                    limit,
+                )
+                .await?,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if decision.route_kind.as_deref() == Some("list_fleet_metrics")
+        && request_context.method() == http::Method::GET
+    {
+        let (step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit) =
+            match parse_proxy_node_metrics_query(request_context.query_string()) {
+                Ok(query) => query,
+                Err(response) => return Ok(Some(response)),
+            };
+        return Ok(Some(
+            state
+                .build_admin_proxy_fleet_metrics_response(step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit)
                 .await?,
         ));
     }
@@ -1976,6 +2021,86 @@ fn validate_optional_object(value: Option<&Value>, field: &str) -> Result<(), Re
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn parse_proxy_node_event_query(
+    query: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<ProxyNodeEventQuery, Response<Body>> {
+    let limit = query_param_value(query, "limit")
+        .map(|value| parse_query_u64("limit", &value))
+        .transpose()?
+        .and_then(|value| usize::try_from(value).ok())
+        .filter(|value| *value > 0 && *value <= 200)
+        .unwrap_or(50);
+    let from_unix_secs = query_param_value(query, "from")
+        .map(|value| parse_query_u64("from", &value))
+        .transpose()?;
+    let to_unix_secs = query_param_value(query, "to")
+        .map(|value| parse_query_u64("to", &value))
+        .transpose()?;
+    if from_unix_secs
+        .zip(to_unix_secs)
+        .is_some_and(|(from, to)| from > to)
+    {
+        return Err(bad_request_response("from 不能大于 to"));
+    }
+    let event_type = query_param_value(query, "event_type")
+        .map(|value| value.trim().to_ascii_lowercase())
+        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty());
+
+    Ok(ProxyNodeEventQuery {
+        limit,
+        from_unix_secs,
+        to_unix_secs,
+        event_type,
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_proxy_node_metrics_query(
+    query: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<(ProxyNodeMetricsStep, u64, u64, usize), Response<Body>> {
+    let step = match query_param_value(query, "step")
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "1m".to_string())
+        .trim()
+    {
+        "1m" => ProxyNodeMetricsStep::OneMinute,
+        "1h" => ProxyNodeMetricsStep::OneHour,
+        _ => return Err(bad_request_response("step 仅支持 1m 或 1h")),
+    };
+    let from_unix_secs = query_param_value(query, "from")
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad_request_response("from 为必填 Unix 秒时间戳"))?;
+    let from_unix_secs = parse_query_u64("from", &from_unix_secs)?;
+    let to_unix_secs = query_param_value(query, "to")
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad_request_response("to 为必填 Unix 秒时间戳"))?;
+    let to_unix_secs = parse_query_u64("to", &to_unix_secs)?;
+    if from_unix_secs > to_unix_secs {
+        return Err(bad_request_response("from 不能大于 to"));
+    }
+
+    let window_secs = to_unix_secs.saturating_sub(from_unix_secs);
+    let max_window_secs = match step {
+        ProxyNodeMetricsStep::OneMinute => PROXY_NODE_METRICS_1M_MAX_WINDOW_SECS,
+        ProxyNodeMetricsStep::OneHour => PROXY_NODE_METRICS_1H_MAX_WINDOW_SECS,
+    };
+    if window_secs > max_window_secs {
+        return Err(bad_request_response(match step {
+            ProxyNodeMetricsStep::OneMinute => "1m 最大查询窗口为 30 天",
+            ProxyNodeMetricsStep::OneHour => "1h 最大查询窗口为 365 天",
+        }));
+    }
+
+    let points = window_secs / step.bucket_size_secs() + 1;
+    let limit = usize::try_from(points)
+        .ok()
+        .filter(|value| *value > 0 && *value <= PROXY_NODE_METRICS_MAX_POINTS)
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad_request_response("查询点数过多"))?;
+    Ok((step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit))
+}
+
+fn parse_query_u64(field: &str, value: &str) -> Result<u64, Response<Body>> {
+    value
+        .parse::<u64>()
+        .map_err(|_| bad_request_response(format!("{field} 必须是非负 Unix 秒时间戳")))
+}
+
 fn bad_request_response(detail: impl Into<String>) -> Response<Body> {
     (
         http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,

apps/aether-gateway/src/maintenance/mod.rs

@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@ pub(crate) use runtime::{
     spawn_db_maintenance_worker, spawn_gemini_file_mapping_cleanup_worker,
     spawn_oauth_token_refresh_worker, spawn_pending_cleanup_worker, spawn_pool_monitor_worker,
     spawn_pool_quota_probe_worker, spawn_provider_checkin_worker,
-    spawn_proxy_node_stale_cleanup_worker, spawn_proxy_upgrade_rollout_worker,
-    spawn_request_candidate_cleanup_worker, spawn_stats_aggregation_worker,
-    spawn_stats_hourly_aggregation_worker, spawn_usage_cleanup_worker,
-    spawn_wallet_daily_usage_aggregation_worker, start_proxy_upgrade_rollout,
-    AdminStatsRebuildSummary, AdminSystemCleanupSummary, OAuthTokenRefreshRunSummary,
-    PoolQuotaProbeRunSummary, ProviderCheckinRunSummary, ProxyUpgradeRolloutCancelSummary,
-    ProxyUpgradeRolloutConflictClearSummary, ProxyUpgradeRolloutNodeActionSummary,
-    ProxyUpgradeRolloutProbeConfig, ProxyUpgradeRolloutSkippedRestoreSummary,
-    ProxyUpgradeRolloutStatus, ProxyUpgradeRolloutTrackedNodeState,
+    spawn_proxy_node_metrics_cleanup_worker, spawn_proxy_node_stale_cleanup_worker,
+    spawn_proxy_upgrade_rollout_worker, spawn_request_candidate_cleanup_worker,
+    spawn_stats_aggregation_worker, spawn_stats_hourly_aggregation_worker,
+    spawn_usage_cleanup_worker, spawn_wallet_daily_usage_aggregation_worker,
+    start_proxy_upgrade_rollout, AdminStatsRebuildSummary, AdminSystemCleanupSummary,
+    OAuthTokenRefreshRunSummary, PoolQuotaProbeRunSummary, ProviderCheckinRunSummary,
+    ProxyUpgradeRolloutCancelSummary, ProxyUpgradeRolloutConflictClearSummary,
+    ProxyUpgradeRolloutNodeActionSummary, ProxyUpgradeRolloutProbeConfig,
+    ProxyUpgradeRolloutSkippedRestoreSummary, ProxyUpgradeRolloutStatus,
+    ProxyUpgradeRolloutTrackedNodeState,
 };

apps/aether-gateway/src/maintenance/runtime.rs

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ mod pending_cleanup;
 mod pool_quota_probe;
 #[path = "runtime/provider_checkin.rs"]
 mod provider_checkin;
+#[path = "runtime/proxy_node_metrics_cleanup.rs"]
+mod proxy_node_metrics_cleanup;
 #[path = "runtime/proxy_node_staleness.rs"]
 mod proxy_node_staleness;
 #[path = "runtime/proxy_upgrade_rollout.rs"]
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ pub(crate) use pool_quota_probe::{
     PoolQuotaProbeWorkerConfig,
 };
 pub(crate) use provider_checkin::{perform_provider_checkin_once, ProviderCheckinRunSummary};
+use proxy_node_metrics_cleanup::*;
 use proxy_node_staleness::*;
 use proxy_upgrade_rollout::*;
 pub(crate) use proxy_upgrade_rollout::{
@@ -90,6 +93,8 @@ const AUDIT_LOG_CLEANUP_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(24 * 60 * 60);
 const GEMINI_FILE_MAPPING_CLEANUP_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(60 * 60);
 const PENDING_CLEANUP_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5 * 60);
 const PROXY_NODE_STALE_SWEEP_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+const PROXY_NODE_METRICS_CLEANUP_HOUR: u32 = 2;
+const PROXY_NODE_METRICS_CLEANUP_MINUTE: u32 = 10;
 const PROXY_UPGRADE_ROLLOUT_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(15);
 const PROXY_NODE_STALE_MIN_GRACE_SECS: u64 = 15;
 const PROXY_NODE_STALE_MISSED_HEARTBEATS: u64 = 3;

apps/aether-gateway/src/maintenance/runtime/proxy_node_metrics_cleanup.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::ProxyNodeMetricsCleanupSummary;
+use aether_data_contracts::DataLayerError;
+
+use crate::data::GatewayDataState;
+
+use super::now_unix_secs;
+
+const PROXY_NODE_METRICS_1M_RETENTION_SECS: u64 = 30 * 24 * 60 * 60;
+const PROXY_NODE_METRICS_1H_RETENTION_SECS: u64 = 180 * 24 * 60 * 60;
+
+pub(super) async fn cleanup_proxy_node_metrics_once(
+    data: &GatewayDataState,
+) -> Result<ProxyNodeMetricsCleanupSummary, DataLayerError> {
+    let now = now_unix_secs();
+    data.cleanup_proxy_node_metrics(
+        now.saturating_sub(PROXY_NODE_METRICS_1M_RETENTION_SECS),
+        now.saturating_sub(PROXY_NODE_METRICS_1H_RETENTION_SECS),
+    )
+    .await
+}

apps/aether-gateway/src/maintenance/runtime/runners.rs

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ use crate::{AppState, GatewayError};
 
 use super::{
     advance_proxy_upgrade_rollout_once, cleanup_audit_logs_once,
-    cleanup_expired_gemini_file_mappings_once, cleanup_request_candidates_once,
-    cleanup_stale_pending_requests_once, cleanup_stale_proxy_nodes_once,
-    collect_proxy_upgrade_rollout_probes, perform_db_maintenance_once,
-    perform_provider_checkin_once, perform_stats_aggregation_once,
+    cleanup_expired_gemini_file_mappings_once, cleanup_proxy_node_metrics_once,
+    cleanup_request_candidates_once, cleanup_stale_pending_requests_once,
+    cleanup_stale_proxy_nodes_once, collect_proxy_upgrade_rollout_probes,
+    perform_db_maintenance_once, perform_provider_checkin_once, perform_stats_aggregation_once,
     perform_stats_hourly_aggregation_once, perform_usage_cleanup_once,
     perform_wallet_daily_usage_aggregation_once, record_proxy_upgrade_traffic_success,
     summarize_database_pool,
@@ -61,6 +61,23 @@ pub(super) async fn run_proxy_node_stale_cleanup_once(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+pub(super) async fn run_proxy_node_metrics_cleanup_once(
+    data: &GatewayDataState,
+) -> Result<(), DataLayerError> {
+    let summary = cleanup_proxy_node_metrics_once(data).await?;
+    if summary.deleted_1m_rows > 0 || summary.deleted_1h_rows > 0 {
+        info!(
+            event_name = "proxy_node_metrics_cleanup_completed",
+            log_type = "ops",
+            worker = "proxy_node_metrics_cleanup",
+            deleted_1m_rows = summary.deleted_1m_rows,
+            deleted_1h_rows = summary.deleted_1h_rows,
+            "gateway deleted expired proxy node metrics buckets"
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub(super) async fn run_proxy_upgrade_rollout_once(state: &AppState) -> Result<(), DataLayerError> {
     let mut summary = advance_proxy_upgrade_rollout_once(&state.data).await?;
     let probes = collect_proxy_upgrade_rollout_probes(&state.data).await?;

apps/aether-gateway/src/maintenance/runtime/workers.rs

@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@ use super::{
     maintenance_timezone, parse_hhmm_time, perform_oauth_token_refresh_once,
     provider_checkin_schedule, run_audit_cleanup_once, run_db_maintenance_once,
     run_gemini_file_mapping_cleanup_once, run_pending_cleanup_once, run_pool_monitor_once,
-    run_provider_checkin_once, run_proxy_node_stale_cleanup_once, run_proxy_upgrade_rollout_once,
+    run_provider_checkin_once, run_proxy_node_metrics_cleanup_once,
+    run_proxy_node_stale_cleanup_once, run_proxy_upgrade_rollout_once,
     run_request_candidate_cleanup_once, run_stats_aggregation_once,
     run_stats_hourly_aggregation_once, run_usage_cleanup_once,
     run_wallet_daily_usage_aggregation_once, AUDIT_LOG_CLEANUP_INTERVAL,
     GEMINI_FILE_MAPPING_CLEANUP_INTERVAL, OAUTH_TOKEN_REFRESH_INTERVAL, PENDING_CLEANUP_INTERVAL,
-    POOL_MONITOR_INTERVAL, PROVIDER_CHECKIN_DEFAULT_TIME, PROXY_NODE_STALE_SWEEP_INTERVAL,
+    POOL_MONITOR_INTERVAL, PROVIDER_CHECKIN_DEFAULT_TIME, PROXY_NODE_METRICS_CLEANUP_HOUR,
+    PROXY_NODE_METRICS_CLEANUP_MINUTE, PROXY_NODE_STALE_SWEEP_INTERVAL,
     PROXY_UPGRADE_ROLLOUT_INTERVAL, REQUEST_CANDIDATE_CLEANUP_INTERVAL, USAGE_CLEANUP_HOUR,
     USAGE_CLEANUP_MINUTE, WALLET_DAILY_USAGE_AGGREGATION_HOUR,
     WALLET_DAILY_USAGE_AGGREGATION_MINUTE,
@@ -292,6 +294,30 @@ pub(crate) fn spawn_proxy_node_stale_cleanup_worker(
     }))
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn spawn_proxy_node_metrics_cleanup_worker(
+    data: Arc<GatewayDataState>,
+) -> Option<tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>> {
+    if !data.has_proxy_node_writer() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let timezone = maintenance_timezone();
+    Some(tokio::spawn(async move {
+        loop {
+            tokio::time::sleep(duration_until_next_daily_run(
+                Utc::now(),
+                timezone,
+                PROXY_NODE_METRICS_CLEANUP_HOUR,
+                PROXY_NODE_METRICS_CLEANUP_MINUTE,
+            ))
+            .await;
+            if let Err(err) = run_proxy_node_metrics_cleanup_once(&data).await {
+                log_maintenance_worker_failure("proxy_node_metrics_cleanup", "tick", &err);
+            }
+        }
+    }))
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn spawn_proxy_upgrade_rollout_worker(
     state: AppState,
 ) -> Option<tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>> {

apps/aether-gateway/src/state/core.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ use std::sync::Mutex as StdMutex;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::{
-    ProxyNodeHeartbeatMutation, ProxyNodeManualCreateMutation, ProxyNodeManualUpdateMutation,
-    ProxyNodeTrafficMutation, ProxyNodeTunnelStatusMutation, StoredProxyNode, StoredProxyNodeEvent,
+    ProxyNodeEventQuery, ProxyNodeHeartbeatMutation, ProxyNodeManualCreateMutation,
+    ProxyNodeManualUpdateMutation, ProxyNodeMetricsStep, ProxyNodeTrafficMutation,
+    ProxyNodeTunnelStatusMutation, StoredProxyFleetMetricsBucket, StoredProxyNode,
+    StoredProxyNodeEvent, StoredProxyNodeMetricsBucket,
 };
 use aether_http::{build_http_client, HttpClientConfig};
 use aether_runtime::{
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ use crate::maintenance::spawn_pending_cleanup_worker;
 use crate::maintenance::spawn_pool_monitor_worker;
 use crate::maintenance::spawn_pool_quota_probe_worker;
 use crate::maintenance::spawn_provider_checkin_worker;
+use crate::maintenance::spawn_proxy_node_metrics_cleanup_worker;
 use crate::maintenance::spawn_proxy_node_stale_cleanup_worker;
 use crate::maintenance::spawn_proxy_upgrade_rollout_worker;
 use crate::maintenance::spawn_request_candidate_cleanup_worker;
@@ -593,6 +596,44 @@ impl AppState {
             .map_err(|err| GatewayError::Internal(err.to_string()))
     }
 
+    pub(crate) async fn list_proxy_node_events_filtered(
+        &self,
+        node_id: &str,
+        query: &ProxyNodeEventQuery,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<StoredProxyNodeEvent>, GatewayError> {
+        self.data
+            .list_proxy_node_events_filtered(node_id, query)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| GatewayError::Internal(err.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn list_proxy_node_metrics(
+        &self,
+        node_id: &str,
+        step: ProxyNodeMetricsStep,
+        from_unix_secs: u64,
+        to_unix_secs: u64,
+        limit: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<StoredProxyNodeMetricsBucket>, GatewayError> {
+        self.data
+            .list_proxy_node_metrics(node_id, step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| GatewayError::Internal(err.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn list_proxy_fleet_metrics(
+        &self,
+        step: ProxyNodeMetricsStep,
+        from_unix_secs: u64,
+        to_unix_secs: u64,
+        limit: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<StoredProxyFleetMetricsBucket>, GatewayError> {
+        self.data
+            .list_proxy_fleet_metrics(step, from_unix_secs, to_unix_secs, limit)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| GatewayError::Internal(err.to_string()))
+    }
+
     pub(crate) async fn register_proxy_node(
         &self,
         mutation: &aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::ProxyNodeRegistrationMutation,
@@ -630,6 +671,18 @@ impl AppState {
             .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
     }
 
+    pub(crate) async fn cleanup_proxy_node_metrics(
+        &self,
+        retain_1m_from_unix_secs: u64,
+        retain_1h_from_unix_secs: u64,
+    ) -> Result<aether_data::repository::proxy_nodes::ProxyNodeMetricsCleanupSummary, GatewayError>
+    {
+        self.data
+            .cleanup_proxy_node_metrics(retain_1m_from_unix_secs, retain_1h_from_unix_secs)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| GatewayError::Internal(err.to_string()))
+    }
+
     pub(crate) async fn apply_proxy_node_heartbeat(
         &self,
         mutation: &ProxyNodeHeartbeatMutation,
@@ -979,6 +1032,9 @@ impl AppState {
         if let Some(handle) = spawn_proxy_node_stale_cleanup_worker(self.data.clone()) {
             tasks.push(handle);
         }
+        if let Some(handle) = spawn_proxy_node_metrics_cleanup_worker(self.data.clone()) {
+            tasks.push(handle);
+        }
         if let Some(handle) = spawn_proxy_upgrade_rollout_worker(self.clone()) {
             tasks.push(handle);
         }

apps/aether-gateway/src/tests/ai_execute/sync/image.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,721 @@ use aether_data_contracts::repository::provider_catalog::{
 use base64::Engine as _;
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn gateway_converts_openai_image_sync_to_gemini_image_provider() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+    struct SeenExecutionRuntimeSyncRequest {
+        trace_id: String,
+        url: String,
+        auth_header_value: String,
+        has_model_field: bool,
+        prompt: String,
+        response_modalities: Vec<String>,
+        image_size: String,
+    }
+
+    fn hash_api_key(value: &str) -> String {
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(value.as_bytes());
+        format!("{:x}", hasher.finalize())
+    }
+
+    fn sample_auth_snapshot(api_key_id: &str, user_id: &str) -> StoredAuthApiKeySnapshot {
+        StoredAuthApiKeySnapshot::new(
+            user_id.to_string(),
+            "alice".to_string(),
+            Some("alice@example.com".to_string()),
+            "user".to_string(),
+            "local".to_string(),
+            true,
+            false,
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["openai", "google"])),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["openai:image"])),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gpt-image-2"])),
+            api_key_id.to_string(),
+            Some("default".to_string()),
+            true,
+            false,
+            false,
+            Some(60),
+            Some(5),
+            Some(4_102_444_800_i64),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["openai", "google"])),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["openai:image"])),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gpt-image-2"])),
+        )
+        .expect("auth snapshot should build")
+    }
+
+    fn sample_candidate_row() -> StoredMinimalCandidateSelectionRow {
+        StoredMinimalCandidateSelectionRow {
+            provider_id: "provider-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            provider_name: "google".to_string(),
+            provider_type: "google".to_string(),
+            provider_priority: 10,
+            provider_is_active: true,
+            endpoint_id: "endpoint-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            endpoint_api_format: "gemini:generate_content".to_string(),
+            endpoint_api_family: Some("gemini".to_string()),
+            endpoint_kind: Some("chat".to_string()),
+            endpoint_is_active: true,
+            key_id: "key-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            key_name: "prod".to_string(),
+            key_auth_type: "api_key".to_string(),
+            key_is_active: true,
+            key_api_formats: Some(vec!["gemini:generate_content".to_string()]),
+            key_allowed_models: None,
+            key_capabilities: None,
+            key_internal_priority: 5,
+            key_global_priority_by_format: Some(serde_json::json!({
+                "gemini:generate_content": 1
+            })),
+            model_id: "model-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            global_model_id: "global-model-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            global_model_name: "gpt-image-2".to_string(),
+            global_model_mappings: None,
+            global_model_supports_streaming: Some(true),
+            model_provider_model_name: "gemini-2.5-flash-image-upstream".to_string(),
+            model_provider_model_mappings: Some(vec![StoredProviderModelMapping {
+                name: "gemini-2.5-flash-image-upstream".to_string(),
+                priority: 1,
+                api_formats: Some(vec!["gemini:generate_content".to_string()]),
+                endpoint_ids: None,
+            }]),
+            model_supports_streaming: Some(true),
+            model_is_active: true,
+            model_is_available: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sample_provider_catalog_provider() -> StoredProviderCatalogProvider {
+        StoredProviderCatalogProvider::new(
+            "provider-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "google".to_string(),
+            Some("https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com".to_string()),
+            "google".to_string(),
+        )
+        .expect("provider should build")
+        .with_transport_fields(
+            true,
+            false,
+            false,
+            None,
+            Some(2),
+            None,
+            Some(20.0),
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn sample_provider_catalog_endpoint() -> StoredProviderCatalogEndpoint {
+        StoredProviderCatalogEndpoint::new(
+            "endpoint-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "provider-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "gemini:generate_content".to_string(),
+            Some("gemini".to_string()),
+            Some("chat".to_string()),
+            true,
+        )
+        .expect("endpoint should build")
+        .with_transport_fields(
+            "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com".to_string(),
+            None,
+            Some(serde_json::json!([
+                {"action":"drop","path":"model"}
+            ])),
+            Some(2),
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        .expect("endpoint transport should build")
+    }
+
+    fn sample_provider_catalog_key() -> StoredProviderCatalogKey {
+        StoredProviderCatalogKey::new(
+            "key-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "provider-gemini-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "prod".to_string(),
+            "api_key".to_string(),
+            None,
+            true,
+        )
+        .expect("key should build")
+        .with_transport_fields(
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gemini:generate_content"])),
+            encrypt_python_fernet_plaintext(DEVELOPMENT_ENCRYPTION_KEY, "sk-upstream-gemini-image")
+                .expect("api key should encrypt"),
+            None,
+            None,
+            Some(serde_json::json!({"gemini:generate_content": 1})),
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        .expect("key transport should build")
+    }
+
+    let seen_execution_runtime = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None::<SeenExecutionRuntimeSyncRequest>));
+    let seen_execution_runtime_clone = Arc::clone(&seen_execution_runtime);
+    let execution_runtime = Router::new().route(
+        "/v1/execute/sync",
+        any(move |request: Request| {
+            let seen_execution_runtime_inner = Arc::clone(&seen_execution_runtime_clone);
+            async move {
+                let (parts, body) = request.into_parts();
+                let raw_body = to_bytes(body, usize::MAX).await.expect("body should read");
+                let payload: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&raw_body)
+                    .expect("execution runtime payload should parse");
+                let body_json = payload
+                    .get("body")
+                    .and_then(|value| value.get("json_body"))
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}));
+                *seen_execution_runtime_inner
+                    .lock()
+                    .expect("mutex should lock") = Some(SeenExecutionRuntimeSyncRequest {
+                    trace_id: parts
+                        .headers
+                        .get(TRACE_ID_HEADER)
+                        .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    url: payload
+                        .get("url")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    auth_header_value: payload
+                        .get("headers")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get("x-goog-api-key"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    has_model_field: body_json.get("model").is_some(),
+                    prompt: body_json
+                        .get("contents")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get(0))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get("parts"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get(0))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get("text"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    response_modalities: body_json
+                        .get("generationConfig")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get("responseModalities"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_array())
+                        .map(|items| {
+                            items
+                                .iter()
+                                .filter_map(|item| item.as_str().map(ToOwned::to_owned))
+                                .collect()
+                        })
+                        .unwrap_or_default(),
+                    image_size: body_json
+                        .get("generationConfig")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get("imageSize"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                });
+                Json(json!({
+                    "request_id": "trace-openai-image-to-gemini-123",
+                    "status_code": 200,
+                    "headers": {
+                        "content-type": "application/json"
+                    },
+                    "body": {
+                        "json_body": {
+                            "modelVersion": "gemini-2.5-flash-image-upstream",
+                            "usageMetadata": {
+                                "promptTokenCount": 11,
+                                "candidatesTokenCount": 22,
+                                "totalTokenCount": 33
+                            },
+                            "candidates": [{
+                                "content": {
+                                    "role": "model",
+                                    "parts": [
+                                        {"text": "revised kite prompt"},
+                                        {"inlineData": {"mimeType": "image/png", "data": "aGVsbG8="}}
+                                    ]
+                                },
+                                "finishReason": "STOP"
+                            }]
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "telemetry": {
+                        "elapsed_ms": 37
+                    }
+                }))
+            }
+        }),
+    );
+
+    let client_api_key = "sk-client-openai-image-to-gemini";
+    let auth_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryAuthApiKeySnapshotRepository::seed(vec![(
+        Some(hash_api_key(client_api_key)),
+        sample_auth_snapshot(
+            "key-openai-image-client-bridge-1",
+            "user-openai-image-bridge-1",
+        ),
+    )]));
+    let candidate_selection_repository =
+        Arc::new(InMemoryMinimalCandidateSelectionReadRepository::seed(vec![
+            sample_candidate_row(),
+        ]));
+    let provider_catalog_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryProviderCatalogReadRepository::seed(
+        vec![sample_provider_catalog_provider()],
+        vec![sample_provider_catalog_endpoint()],
+        vec![sample_provider_catalog_key()],
+    ));
+
+    let (execution_runtime_url, execution_runtime_handle) = start_server(execution_runtime).await;
+    let gateway_state = build_state_with_execution_runtime_override(execution_runtime_url)
+        .with_data_state_for_tests(
+            crate::data::GatewayDataState::with_auth_candidate_selection_provider_catalog_and_request_candidate_repository_for_tests(
+                auth_repository,
+                candidate_selection_repository,
+                provider_catalog_repository,
+                Arc::new(InMemoryRequestCandidateRepository::default()),
+                DEVELOPMENT_ENCRYPTION_KEY,
+            ),
+        );
+    let gateway = build_router_with_state(gateway_state);
+    let (gateway_url, gateway_handle) = start_server(gateway).await;
+
+    let response = reqwest::Client::new()
+        .post(format!("{gateway_url}/v1/images/generations"))
+        .header(http::header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json")
+        .header(
+            http::header::AUTHORIZATION,
+            format!("Bearer {client_api_key}"),
+        )
+        .header(TRACE_ID_HEADER, "trace-openai-image-to-gemini-123")
+        .body(
+            "{\"model\":\"gpt-image-2\",\"prompt\":\"Draw a red kite\",\"size\":\"1024x1024\",\"response_format\":\"b64_json\"}",
+        )
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .expect("request should succeed");
+
+    let response_status = response.status();
+    let response_body = response.text().await.expect("body should read");
+    assert_eq!(response_status, StatusCode::OK, "{response_body}");
+    let response_json: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(&response_body).expect("body should parse");
+    assert_eq!(response_json["data"][0]["b64_json"], "aGVsbG8=");
+    assert_eq!(
+        response_json["data"][0]["revised_prompt"],
+        "revised kite prompt"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(response_json["model"], "gemini-2.5-flash-image-upstream");
+    assert_eq!(response_json["usage"]["input_tokens"], 11);
+    assert_eq!(response_json["usage"]["output_tokens"], 22);
+
+    let seen_execution_runtime_request = seen_execution_runtime
+        .lock()
+        .expect("mutex should lock")
+        .clone()
+        .expect("execution runtime sync should be captured");
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.trace_id,
+        "trace-openai-image-to-gemini-123"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.url,
+        "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta/models/gemini-2.5-flash-image-upstream:generateContent"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.auth_header_value,
+        "sk-upstream-gemini-image"
+    );
+    assert!(!seen_execution_runtime_request.has_model_field);
+    assert_eq!(seen_execution_runtime_request.prompt, "Draw a red kite");
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.response_modalities,
+        vec!["TEXT".to_string(), "IMAGE".to_string()]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(seen_execution_runtime_request.image_size, "1024x1024");
+
+    gateway_handle.abort();
+    execution_runtime_handle.abort();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn gateway_converts_gemini_image_sync_to_openai_image_provider() {
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+    struct SeenExecutionRuntimeSyncRequest {
+        trace_id: String,
+        url: String,
+        authorization: String,
+        model: String,
+        action: String,
+        prompt: String,
+        image_url: String,
+        request_stream: bool,
+    }
+
+    fn hash_api_key(value: &str) -> String {
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(value.as_bytes());
+        format!("{:x}", hasher.finalize())
+    }
+
+    fn sample_auth_snapshot(api_key_id: &str, user_id: &str) -> StoredAuthApiKeySnapshot {
+        StoredAuthApiKeySnapshot::new(
+            user_id.to_string(),
+            "alice".to_string(),
+            Some("alice@example.com".to_string()),
+            "user".to_string(),
+            "local".to_string(),
+            true,
+            false,
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gemini", "openai"])),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gemini:generate_content"])),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gemini-image"])),
+            api_key_id.to_string(),
+            Some("default".to_string()),
+            true,
+            false,
+            false,
+            Some(60),
+            Some(5),
+            Some(4_102_444_800_i64),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gemini", "openai"])),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gemini:generate_content"])),
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["gemini-image"])),
+        )
+        .expect("auth snapshot should build")
+    }
+
+    fn sample_candidate_row() -> StoredMinimalCandidateSelectionRow {
+        StoredMinimalCandidateSelectionRow {
+            provider_id: "provider-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            provider_name: "openai".to_string(),
+            provider_type: "openai".to_string(),
+            provider_priority: 10,
+            provider_is_active: true,
+            endpoint_id: "endpoint-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            endpoint_api_format: "openai:image".to_string(),
+            endpoint_api_family: Some("openai".to_string()),
+            endpoint_kind: Some("image".to_string()),
+            endpoint_is_active: true,
+            key_id: "key-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            key_name: "prod".to_string(),
+            key_auth_type: "api_key".to_string(),
+            key_is_active: true,
+            key_api_formats: Some(vec!["openai:image".to_string()]),
+            key_allowed_models: None,
+            key_capabilities: None,
+            key_internal_priority: 5,
+            key_global_priority_by_format: Some(serde_json::json!({"openai:image": 1})),
+            model_id: "model-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            global_model_id: "global-model-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            global_model_name: "gemini-image".to_string(),
+            global_model_mappings: None,
+            global_model_supports_streaming: Some(true),
+            model_provider_model_name: "gpt-image-2-upstream".to_string(),
+            model_provider_model_mappings: Some(vec![StoredProviderModelMapping {
+                name: "gpt-image-2-upstream".to_string(),
+                priority: 1,
+                api_formats: Some(vec!["openai:image".to_string()]),
+                endpoint_ids: None,
+            }]),
+            model_supports_streaming: Some(true),
+            model_is_active: true,
+            model_is_available: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sample_provider_catalog_provider() -> StoredProviderCatalogProvider {
+        StoredProviderCatalogProvider::new(
+            "provider-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "openai".to_string(),
+            Some("https://api.openai.com".to_string()),
+            "openai".to_string(),
+        )
+        .expect("provider should build")
+        .with_transport_fields(
+            true,
+            false,
+            false,
+            None,
+            Some(2),
+            None,
+            Some(20.0),
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn sample_provider_catalog_endpoint() -> StoredProviderCatalogEndpoint {
+        StoredProviderCatalogEndpoint::new(
+            "endpoint-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "provider-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "openai:image".to_string(),
+            Some("openai".to_string()),
+            Some("image".to_string()),
+            true,
+        )
+        .expect("endpoint should build")
+        .with_transport_fields(
+            "https://api.openai.com".to_string(),
+            None,
+            None,
+            Some(2),
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        .expect("endpoint transport should build")
+    }
+
+    fn sample_provider_catalog_key() -> StoredProviderCatalogKey {
+        StoredProviderCatalogKey::new(
+            "key-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "provider-openai-image-bridge-1".to_string(),
+            "prod".to_string(),
+            "api_key".to_string(),
+            None,
+            true,
+        )
+        .expect("key should build")
+        .with_transport_fields(
+            Some(serde_json::json!(["openai:image"])),
+            encrypt_python_fernet_plaintext(DEVELOPMENT_ENCRYPTION_KEY, "sk-upstream-openai-image")
+                .expect("api key should encrypt"),
+            None,
+            None,
+            Some(serde_json::json!({"openai:image": 1})),
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        .expect("key transport should build")
+    }
+
+    let seen_execution_runtime = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None::<SeenExecutionRuntimeSyncRequest>));
+    let seen_execution_runtime_clone = Arc::clone(&seen_execution_runtime);
+    let execution_runtime = Router::new().route(
+        "/v1/execute/sync",
+        any(move |request: Request| {
+            let seen_execution_runtime_inner = Arc::clone(&seen_execution_runtime_clone);
+            async move {
+                let (parts, body) = request.into_parts();
+                let raw_body = to_bytes(body, usize::MAX).await.expect("body should read");
+                let payload: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&raw_body)
+                    .expect("execution runtime payload should parse");
+                let body_json = payload
+                    .get("body")
+                    .and_then(|value| value.get("json_body"))
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}));
+                let content = body_json
+                    .get("input")
+                    .and_then(|value| value.get(0))
+                    .and_then(|value| value.get("content"))
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| json!([]));
+                *seen_execution_runtime_inner
+                    .lock()
+                    .expect("mutex should lock") = Some(SeenExecutionRuntimeSyncRequest {
+                    trace_id: parts
+                        .headers
+                        .get(TRACE_ID_HEADER)
+                        .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    url: payload
+                        .get("url")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    authorization: payload
+                        .get("headers")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get("authorization"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    model: body_json
+                        .get("model")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    action: body_json
+                        .get("tools")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get(0))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.get("action"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    prompt: content
+                        .as_array()
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .flatten()
+                        .find(|item| {
+                            item.get("type").and_then(|value| value.as_str()) == Some("input_text")
+                        })
+                        .and_then(|item| item.get("text"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    image_url: content
+                        .as_array()
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .flatten()
+                        .find(|item| {
+                            item.get("type").and_then(|value| value.as_str()) == Some("input_image")
+                        })
+                        .and_then(|item| item.get("image_url"))
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                        .unwrap_or_default()
+                        .to_string(),
+                    request_stream: body_json
+                        .get("stream")
+                        .and_then(|value| value.as_bool())
+                        .unwrap_or(true),
+                });
+                Json(json!({
+                    "request_id": "trace-gemini-image-to-openai-123",
+                    "status_code": 200,
+                    "headers": {
+                        "content-type": "application/json"
+                    },
+                    "body": {
+                        "json_body": {
+                            "id": "resp_img_bridge_123",
+                            "object": "response",
+                            "model": "gpt-image-2-upstream",
+                            "status": "completed",
+                            "usage": {
+                                "input_tokens": 3,
+                                "output_tokens": 4,
+                                "total_tokens": 7
+                            },
+                            "output": [{
+                                "type": "image_generation_call",
+                                "status": "completed",
+                                "output_format": "png",
+                                "revised_prompt": "converted gemini prompt",
+                                "result": "aGVsbG8="
+                            }]
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "telemetry": {
+                        "elapsed_ms": 43
+                    }
+                }))
+            }
+        }),
+    );
+
+    let client_api_key = "client-gemini-image-to-openai";
+    let auth_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryAuthApiKeySnapshotRepository::seed(vec![(
+        Some(hash_api_key(client_api_key)),
+        sample_auth_snapshot(
+            "key-gemini-image-client-bridge-1",
+            "user-gemini-image-bridge-1",
+        ),
+    )]));
+    let candidate_selection_repository =
+        Arc::new(InMemoryMinimalCandidateSelectionReadRepository::seed(vec![
+            sample_candidate_row(),
+        ]));
+    let provider_catalog_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryProviderCatalogReadRepository::seed(
+        vec![sample_provider_catalog_provider()],
+        vec![sample_provider_catalog_endpoint()],
+        vec![sample_provider_catalog_key()],
+    ));
+
+    let (execution_runtime_url, execution_runtime_handle) = start_server(execution_runtime).await;
+    let gateway_state = build_state_with_execution_runtime_override(execution_runtime_url)
+        .with_data_state_for_tests(
+            crate::data::GatewayDataState::with_auth_candidate_selection_provider_catalog_and_request_candidate_repository_for_tests(
+                auth_repository,
+                candidate_selection_repository,
+                provider_catalog_repository,
+                Arc::new(InMemoryRequestCandidateRepository::default()),
+                DEVELOPMENT_ENCRYPTION_KEY,
+            ),
+        );
+    let gateway = build_router_with_state(gateway_state);
+    let (gateway_url, gateway_handle) = start_server(gateway).await;
+
+    let response = reqwest::Client::new()
+        .post(format!(
+            "{gateway_url}/v1beta/models/gemini-image:generateContent?key={client_api_key}"
+        ))
+        .header(http::header::CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json")
+        .header(TRACE_ID_HEADER, "trace-gemini-image-to-openai-123")
+        .body(
+            "{\"generationConfig\":{\"responseModalities\":[\"TEXT\",\"IMAGE\"]},\"contents\":[{\"role\":\"user\",\"parts\":[{\"text\":\"Change the background\"},{\"inlineData\":{\"mimeType\":\"image/png\",\"data\":\"aGVsbG8=\"}}]}]}",
+        )
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .expect("request should succeed");
+
+    let response_status = response.status();
+    let response_body = response.text().await.expect("body should read");
+    assert_eq!(response_status, StatusCode::OK, "{response_body}");
+    let response_json: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(&response_body).expect("body should parse");
+    assert_eq!(response_json["modelVersion"], "gpt-image-2-upstream");
+    assert_eq!(
+        response_json["candidates"][0]["content"]["parts"][0]["text"],
+        "converted gemini prompt"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        response_json["candidates"][0]["content"]["parts"][1]["inlineData"]["mimeType"],
+        "image/png"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        response_json["candidates"][0]["content"]["parts"][1]["inlineData"]["data"],
+        "aGVsbG8="
+    );
+    assert_eq!(response_json["usageMetadata"]["promptTokenCount"], 3);
+    assert_eq!(response_json["usageMetadata"]["candidatesTokenCount"], 4);
+
+    let seen_execution_runtime_request = seen_execution_runtime
+        .lock()
+        .expect("mutex should lock")
+        .clone()
+        .expect("execution runtime sync should be captured");
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.trace_id,
+        "trace-gemini-image-to-openai-123"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.url,
+        "https://api.openai.com/v1/responses"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.authorization,
+        "Bearer sk-upstream-openai-image"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(seen_execution_runtime_request.model, "gpt-image-2-upstream");
+    assert_eq!(seen_execution_runtime_request.action, "edit");
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.prompt,
+        "Change the background"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        seen_execution_runtime_request.image_url,
+        "data:image/png;base64,aGVsbG8="
+    );
+    assert!(!seen_execution_runtime_request.request_stream);
+
+    gateway_handle.abort();
+    execution_runtime_handle.abort();
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn gateway_executes_codex_image_sync_via_local_decision_gate_after_oauth_refresh() {
     #[derive(Debug, Clone)]

apps/aether-gateway/src/tests/control/admin/proxy_nodes.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use aether_data::repository::management_tokens::InMemoryManagementTokenRepository;
 use aether_data::repository::provider_catalog::InMemoryProviderCatalogReadRepository;
@@ -1442,6 +1443,7 @@ async fn gateway_handles_admin_proxy_node_events_locally_with_trusted_admin_prin
                 node_id: "node-1".to_string(),
                 event_type: "connected".to_string(),
                 detail: Some("older".to_string()),
+                event_metadata: None,
                 created_at_unix_ms: Some(1_710_000_000),
             },
             StoredProxyNodeEvent {
@@ -1449,6 +1451,7 @@ async fn gateway_handles_admin_proxy_node_events_locally_with_trusted_admin_prin
                 node_id: "node-1".to_string(),
                 event_type: "disconnected".to_string(),
                 detail: Some("newer".to_string()),
+                event_metadata: None,
                 created_at_unix_ms: Some(1_710_000_100),
             },
         ],
@@ -1490,6 +1493,150 @@ async fn gateway_handles_admin_proxy_node_events_locally_with_trusted_admin_prin
     upstream_handle.abort();
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn gateway_reports_proxy_node_metrics_and_filters_events_locally() {
+    let proxy_node_repository =
+        Arc::new(InMemoryProxyNodeRepository::seed(vec![sample_proxy_node(
+            "node-1",
+        )]));
+    let gateway = build_router_with_state(
+        AppState::new()
+            .expect("gateway should build")
+            .with_data_state_for_tests(GatewayDataState::with_proxy_node_repository_for_tests(
+                proxy_node_repository,
+            )),
+    );
+    let (gateway_url, gateway_handle) = start_server(gateway).await;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let now_unix_secs = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .expect("system time should be after epoch")
+        .as_secs();
+
+    let heartbeat_response = client
+        .post(format!("{gateway_url}/api/internal/tunnel/heartbeat"))
+        .json(&json!({
+            "node_id": "node-1",
+            "heartbeat_id": 91,
+            "heartbeat_interval": 30,
+            "active_connections": 7,
+            "proxy_metadata": {
+                "tunnel_metrics": {
+                    "connect_errors": 3,
+                    "disconnects": 1,
+                    "error_events_total": 1,
+                    "ws_in_bytes": 1000,
+                    "ws_out_bytes": 2000,
+                    "ws_in_frames": 10,
+                    "ws_out_frames": 20,
+                    "heartbeat_rtt_last_ms": 42
+                },
+                "recent_tunnel_errors": [{
+                    "timestamp_unix_secs": now_unix_secs,
+                    "category": "tcp_connect_timeout",
+                    "message": "tunnel TCP connect timeout"
+                }]
+            },
+            "proxy_version": "2.0.0"
+        }))
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .expect("heartbeat request should succeed");
+    assert_eq!(heartbeat_response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+
+    let from = now_unix_secs.saturating_sub(120);
+    let to = now_unix_secs.saturating_add(120);
+    let metrics_response = client
+        .get(format!(
+            "{gateway_url}/api/admin/proxy-nodes/node-1/metrics?from={from}&to={to}&step=1m"
+        ))
+        .header(GATEWAY_HEADER, "rust-phase3b")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_USER_ID_HEADER, "admin-user-123")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_USER_ROLE_HEADER, "admin")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_SESSION_ID_HEADER, "session-123")
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .expect("metrics request should succeed");
+    assert_eq!(metrics_response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let metrics_payload: serde_json::Value = metrics_response
+        .json()
+        .await
+        .expect("metrics json should parse");
+    assert_eq!(metrics_payload["step"], "1m");
+    assert_eq!(metrics_payload["summary"]["samples"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(metrics_payload["summary"]["uptime_samples"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(metrics_payload["summary"]["active_connections_max"], 7);
+    assert_eq!(metrics_payload["summary"]["heartbeat_rtt_ms_avg"], 42.0);
+    assert_eq!(metrics_payload["summary"]["connect_errors_delta"], 3);
+    assert_eq!(metrics_payload["summary"]["ws_out_frames_delta"], 20);
+    let metric_items = metrics_payload["items"]
+        .as_array()
+        .expect("metrics items should be array");
+    assert_eq!(metric_items.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(metric_items[0]["node_id"], "node-1");
+    assert!(metric_items[0]["bucket_start"].is_string());
+
+    let fleet_response = client
+        .get(format!(
+            "{gateway_url}/api/admin/proxy-nodes/metrics/fleet?from={from}&to={to}&step=1m"
+        ))
+        .header(GATEWAY_HEADER, "rust-phase3b")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_USER_ID_HEADER, "admin-user-123")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_USER_ROLE_HEADER, "admin")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_SESSION_ID_HEADER, "session-123")
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .expect("fleet metrics request should succeed");
+    assert_eq!(fleet_response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let fleet_payload: serde_json::Value = fleet_response
+        .json()
+        .await
+        .expect("fleet json should parse");
+    assert_eq!(fleet_payload["summary"]["samples"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(fleet_payload["summary"]["error_events_delta"], 1);
+
+    let events_response = client
+        .get(format!(
+            "{gateway_url}/api/admin/proxy-nodes/node-1/events?from={from}&to={to}&event_type=tunnel_err"
+        ))
+        .header(GATEWAY_HEADER, "rust-phase3b")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_USER_ID_HEADER, "admin-user-123")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_USER_ROLE_HEADER, "admin")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_SESSION_ID_HEADER, "session-123")
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .expect("events request should succeed");
+    assert_eq!(events_response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let events_payload: serde_json::Value = events_response
+        .json()
+        .await
+        .expect("events json should parse");
+    let event_items = events_payload["items"]
+        .as_array()
+        .expect("event items should be array");
+    assert_eq!(event_items.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(event_items[0]["event_type"], "tunnel_err");
+    assert_eq!(
+        event_items[0]["event_metadata"]["category"],
+        "tcp_connect_timeout"
+    );
+
+    let invalid_metrics_response = client
+        .get(format!(
+            "{gateway_url}/api/admin/proxy-nodes/node-1/metrics?from={from}&to={to}&step=5m"
+        ))
+        .header(GATEWAY_HEADER, "rust-phase3b")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_USER_ID_HEADER, "admin-user-123")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_USER_ROLE_HEADER, "admin")
+        .header(TRUSTED_ADMIN_SESSION_ID_HEADER, "session-123")
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .expect("invalid metrics request should succeed");
+    assert_eq!(invalid_metrics_response.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
+
+    gateway_handle.abort();
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn gateway_updates_proxy_node_config_and_dispatches_upgrade_targets_locally() {
     let upstream_hits = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0usize));

apps/aether-proxy/README.md

@@ -110,21 +110,24 @@ sudo aether-proxy uninstall
 | `--upstream-pool-idle-timeout-secs` | `AETHER_PROXY_UPSTREAM_POOL_IDLE_TIMEOUT_SECS` | `300` | 连接池空闲超时（秒） |
 | `--upstream-tcp-keepalive-secs` | `AETHER_PROXY_UPSTREAM_TCP_KEEPALIVE_SECS` | `60` | TCP keepalive（秒，0 关闭） |
 | `--upstream-tcp-nodelay` | `AETHER_PROXY_UPSTREAM_TCP_NODELAY` | `true` | 启用 TCP_NODELAY |
-| `--upstream-proxy-url` | `AETHER_PROXY_UPSTREAM_PROXY_URL` | 空 | 仅 provider 上游请求使用的出口代理，支持 `http://`、`socks5://`、`socks5h://` |
+| `--upstream-proxy-url` | `AETHER_PROXY_UPSTREAM_PROXY_URL` | 空 | 仅 provider 上游请求使用的出口代理 |
 | `--redirect-replay-budget-bytes` | `AETHER_PROXY_REDIRECT_REPLAY_BUDGET_BYTES` | `5M` | 307/308 请求体重放的预读预算，支持 `K/M/G`，`0` 表示禁用 body replay buffering |
 
-`upstream_proxy_url` 只影响 `aether-proxy` 访问 OpenAI、Claude、Gemini 等 provider 的上游请求，不影响节点回连 Aether 服务器的 WebSocket tunnel。配合 WARP sidecar 时可填写：
+出口代理支持 `http://`、`socks5://`、`socks5h://`。配合 WARP sidecar 时可填写：
 
 ```toml
 upstream_proxy_url = "socks5h://microwarp:1080"
 ```
 
+如果需要让 Aether 管理 API 和 WebSocket tunnel 也走代理，使用 `aether_proxy_url`。
+
 #### Aether API 客户端
 
 | 参数 | 环境变量 | 默认值 | 说明 |
 |------|----------|--------|------|
 | `--aether-request-timeout-secs` | `AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_SECS` | `10` | 请求总超时（秒） |
 | `--aether-connect-timeout-secs` | `AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS` | `10` | 建连超时（秒） |
+| `--aether-proxy-url` | `AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_PROXY_URL` | 空 | Aether 注册、心跳和 WebSocket tunnel 回连使用的出口代理（默认不走代理） |
 | `--aether-retry-max-attempts` | `AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS` | `3` | 最大重试次数 |
 
 #### DNS 与安全
@@ -154,6 +157,15 @@ upstream_proxy_url = "socks5h://microwarp:1080"
 - 以 `systemd` 或 `OpenRC` 安装时默认会额外打开文件日志到 `/var/log/aether-proxy`
 - OpenRC 安装时，`aether-proxy logs` 实际读取 `/var/log/aether-proxy/current.log` 和 `/var/log/aether-proxy/error.log`；这些文件通常需要用 `sudo aether-proxy logs` 查看
 
+### 隧道健康上报（Heartbeat）
+
+proxy 会在心跳 `proxy_metadata` 中主动上报隧道稳定性指标，便于后端直接入库/告警：
+
+- `proxy_metadata.tunnel_metrics`：建连尝试/成功/失败、断开次数、累计在线时长、心跳 RTT、WebSocket 收发帧与字节等。
+- `proxy_metadata.recent_tunnel_errors`：最近隧道异常事件（时间戳、类别、错误摘要，环形缓冲）。
+
+说明：仅主连接（`conn=0`）发送 heartbeat，避免多条 tunnel 重复上报同一份全局指标。
+
 ### 多服务器配置
 
 在 `aether-proxy.toml` 中使用 `[[servers]]` 配置 Aether 服务器。即使只有一个服务器，也必须写成一个 `[[servers]]` 条目；旧的顶层单服务器写法已不再支持。

apps/aether-proxy/src/app.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::config::{Config, ServerEntry, TunnelPoolSizing};
 use crate::net;
 use crate::registration::client::AetherClient;
 use crate::runtime::{self, DynamicConfig};
-use crate::state::{AppState, ProxyMetrics, ServerContext};
+use crate::state::{AppState, ProxyMetrics, ServerContext, TunnelMetrics};
 use crate::upstream_client;
 use crate::{hardware, target_filter, tunnel};
 
@@ -80,6 +80,14 @@ pub async fn run(mut config: Config, servers: Vec<ServerEntry>) -> anyhow::Resul
         server_count = servers.len(),
         "aether-proxy starting (tunnel mode)"
     );
+    if let Some(proxy_url) = config.effective_aether_proxy_url() {
+        if let Ok(proxy) = crate::egress_proxy::UpstreamProxyConfig::parse(proxy_url) {
+            info!(
+                aether_proxy_url = %proxy.redacted_url(),
+                "Aether control and tunnel egress proxy configured"
+            );
+        }
+    }
     if let Some(proxy_url) = config
         .upstream_proxy_url
         .as_deref()
@@ -457,6 +465,7 @@ fn build_server_context(
         dynamic: Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(dynamic)),
         active_connections: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0)),
         metrics: Arc::new(ProxyMetrics::new()),
+        tunnel_metrics: Arc::new(TunnelMetrics::new()),
     })
 }
 
@@ -960,6 +969,7 @@ mod tests {
             aether_tcp_keepalive_secs: 60,
             aether_tcp_nodelay: true,
             aether_http2: true,
+            aether_proxy_url: None,
             aether_retry_max_attempts: 1,
             aether_retry_base_delay_ms: 50,
             aether_retry_max_delay_ms: 100,

apps/aether-proxy/src/config.rs

@@ -339,6 +339,11 @@ pub struct Config {
     #[arg(long, env = "AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_HTTP2", default_value_t = true)]
     pub aether_http2: bool,
 
+    /// Optional egress proxy used for Aether API registration and WebSocket tunnel reconnects.
+    /// Supported schemes: http, socks5, socks5h.
+    #[arg(long, env = "AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_PROXY_URL")]
+    pub aether_proxy_url: Option<String>,
+
     /// Aether API retry attempts (including initial)
     #[arg(
         long,
@@ -680,12 +685,11 @@ impl Config {
         if self.upstream_connect_timeout_secs == 0 {
             anyhow::bail!("upstream_connect_timeout_secs must be > 0");
         }
-        if let Some(proxy_url) = self
-            .upstream_proxy_url
-            .as_deref()
-            .map(str::trim)
-            .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
-        {
+        if let Some(proxy_url) = normalized_proxy_url(&self.aether_proxy_url) {
+            crate::egress_proxy::UpstreamProxyConfig::parse(proxy_url)
+                .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("aether_proxy_url invalid: {err}"))?;
+        }
+        if let Some(proxy_url) = normalized_proxy_url(&self.upstream_proxy_url) {
             crate::egress_proxy::UpstreamProxyConfig::parse(proxy_url)
                 .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("upstream_proxy_url invalid: {err}"))?;
         }
@@ -740,6 +744,10 @@ impl Config {
         Ok(Duration::from_millis(self.tunnel_stale_timeout_ms))
     }
 
+    pub fn effective_aether_proxy_url(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        normalized_proxy_url(&self.aether_proxy_url)
+    }
+
     pub fn resolve_tunnel_pool_sizing(
         &self,
         hw_info: &HardwareInfo,
@@ -850,6 +858,8 @@ pub struct ConfigFile {
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub aether_http2: Option<bool>,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub aether_proxy_url: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub aether_retry_max_attempts: Option<u32>,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub aether_retry_base_delay_ms: Option<u64>,
@@ -929,8 +939,7 @@ impl ConfigFile {
     /// Load from a TOML file.
     pub fn load(path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
         let content = std::fs::read_to_string(path)?;
-        reject_removed_config_keys(&content)?;
-        Ok(toml::from_str(&content)?)
+        parse_config_file_content(&content)
     }
 
     /// Save to a TOML file.
@@ -1006,6 +1015,7 @@ impl ConfigFile {
         );
         set!("AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_TCP_NODELAY", self.aether_tcp_nodelay);
         set!("AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_HTTP2", self.aether_http2);
+        set!("AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_PROXY_URL", self.aether_proxy_url);
         set!(
             "AETHER_PROXY_AETHER_RETRY_MAX_ATTEMPTS",
             self.aether_retry_max_attempts
@@ -1124,6 +1134,59 @@ impl ConfigFile {
     }
 }
 
+fn parse_config_file_content(content: &str) -> anyhow::Result<ConfigFile> {
+    reject_removed_config_keys(content)?;
+    let mut value: toml::Value = toml::from_str(content)?;
+    promote_server_scoped_upstream_proxy_url(&mut value)?;
+    Ok(value.try_into()?)
+}
+
+fn normalized_proxy_url(value: &Option<String>) -> Option<&str> {
+    value
+        .as_deref()
+        .map(str::trim)
+        .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+}
+
+fn promote_server_scoped_upstream_proxy_url(value: &mut toml::Value) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    const KEY: &str = "upstream_proxy_url";
+
+    let Some(root) = value.as_table_mut() else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let mut promoted = root.get(KEY).cloned();
+    let Some(servers) = root.get_mut("servers").and_then(toml::Value::as_array_mut) else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    for (index, server) in servers.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        let Some(table) = server.as_table_mut() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(server_value) = table.remove(KEY) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        match promoted.as_ref() {
+            Some(existing) if existing != &server_value => {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "conflicting upstream_proxy_url values: top-level value and [[servers]] entry {} differ; configure it once at the top level",
+                    index + 1
+                );
+            }
+            Some(_) => {}
+            None => promoted = Some(server_value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(promoted) = promoted {
+        root.insert(KEY.to_string(), promoted);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn reject_removed_config_keys(content: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     let value: toml::Value = toml::from_str(content)?;
     let Some(table) = value.as_table() else {
@@ -1233,6 +1296,92 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn config_file_deserializes_aether_proxy_url() {
+        let cfg: ConfigFile = toml::from_str("aether_proxy_url = \"socks5h://127.0.0.1:1080\"")
+            .expect("proxy URL toml");
+        assert_eq!(
+            cfg.aether_proxy_url.as_deref(),
+            Some("socks5h://127.0.0.1:1080")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aether_proxy_url_requires_explicit_opt_in() {
+        let default_direct = Config::parse_from([
+            "aether-proxy",
+            "--aether-url",
+            "https://example.com",
+            "--management-token",
+            "ae_test",
+            "--node-name",
+            "proxy-test",
+            "--upstream-proxy-url",
+            "socks5h://127.0.0.1:1080",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(default_direct.effective_aether_proxy_url(), None);
+
+        let explicit = Config::parse_from([
+            "aether-proxy",
+            "--aether-url",
+            "https://example.com",
+            "--management-token",
+            "ae_test",
+            "--node-name",
+            "proxy-test",
+            "--upstream-proxy-url",
+            "socks5h://127.0.0.1:1080",
+            "--aether-proxy-url",
+            "http://127.0.0.1:8080",
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            explicit.effective_aether_proxy_url(),
+            Some("http://127.0.0.1:8080")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_file_load_accepts_server_scoped_upstream_proxy_url() {
+        let cfg = parse_config_file_content(
+            r#"
+[[servers]]
+aether_url = "https://aether.example.com"
+upstream_proxy_url = "socks5://127.0.0.1:1080"
+management_token = "ae_test"
+node_name = "proxy-test"
+"#,
+        )
+        .expect("server-scoped proxy URL should be promoted");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            cfg.upstream_proxy_url.as_deref(),
+            Some("socks5://127.0.0.1:1080")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(cfg.servers.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(cfg.servers[0].aether_url, "https://aether.example.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_file_load_rejects_conflicting_server_scoped_upstream_proxy_url() {
+        let error = parse_config_file_content(
+            r#"
+upstream_proxy_url = "socks5://127.0.0.1:1080"
+
+[[servers]]
+aether_url = "https://aether.example.com"
+upstream_proxy_url = "socks5://127.0.0.1:1081"
+management_token = "ae_test"
+node_name = "proxy-test"
+"#,
+        )
+        .expect_err("conflicting proxy URLs should be rejected");
+
+        assert!(
+            error.to_string().contains("conflicting upstream_proxy_url"),
+            "error should mention the conflicting key"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn config_file_rejects_removed_tunnel_seconds_keys() {
         let error = reject_removed_config_keys("tunnel_ping_interval_secs = 5")

apps/aether-proxy/src/egress_proxy.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
+use std::io;
+use std::net::{IpAddr, SocketAddr};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
 use base64::Engine;
+use socket2::{SockRef, TcpKeepalive};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use url::Url;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -114,6 +121,303 @@ impl UpstreamProxyConfig {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct ProxyConnectOptions {
+    pub connect_timeout: Duration,
+    pub tcp_nodelay: bool,
+    pub tcp_keepalive: Option<Duration>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn connect_target_via_proxy(
+    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
+    target_host: &str,
+    target_port: u16,
+    options: ProxyConnectOptions,
+) -> io::Result<TcpStream> {
+    let mut tcp = connect_proxy_tcp(
+        proxy,
+        options.connect_timeout,
+        options.tcp_nodelay,
+        options.tcp_keepalive,
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    match proxy.scheme() {
+        UpstreamProxyScheme::Http => {
+            http_connect(&mut tcp, &target_authority(target_host, target_port), proxy).await?;
+        }
+        UpstreamProxyScheme::Socks5 | UpstreamProxyScheme::Socks5h => {
+            socks5_connect(&mut tcp, proxy, target_host, target_port).await?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(tcp)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn connect_proxy_tcp(
+    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
+    connect_timeout: Duration,
+    tcp_nodelay: bool,
+    tcp_keepalive: Option<Duration>,
+) -> io::Result<TcpStream> {
+    let resolved = tokio::time::timeout(
+        connect_timeout,
+        tokio::net::lookup_host((proxy.host(), proxy.port())),
+    )
+    .await
+    .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, "proxy DNS timeout"))?
+    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("proxy DNS failed: {err}")))?;
+
+    let mut last_error = None;
+    for addr in resolved {
+        match tokio::time::timeout(connect_timeout, TcpStream::connect(addr)).await {
+            Ok(Ok(stream)) => {
+                configure_tcp_stream(&stream, tcp_nodelay, tcp_keepalive)?;
+                return Ok(stream);
+            }
+            Ok(Err(error)) => last_error = Some(error),
+            Err(_) => {
+                last_error = Some(io::Error::new(
+                    io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
+                    format!("proxy connect timeout: {addr}"),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(last_error.unwrap_or_else(|| io::Error::other("proxy DNS returned no addresses")))
+}
+
+fn configure_tcp_stream(
+    stream: &TcpStream,
+    tcp_nodelay: bool,
+    tcp_keepalive: Option<Duration>,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    stream.set_nodelay(tcp_nodelay)?;
+    if let Some(keepalive) = tcp_keepalive {
+        let keepalive = TcpKeepalive::new().with_time(keepalive);
+        SockRef::from(stream).set_tcp_keepalive(&keepalive)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn http_connect(
+    stream: &mut TcpStream,
+    target_authority: &str,
+    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut request = format!(
+        "CONNECT {target_authority} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {target_authority}\r\nProxy-Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n"
+    );
+    if let Some(auth) = proxy.basic_auth_header() {
+        request.push_str("Proxy-Authorization: ");
+        request.push_str(&auth);
+        request.push_str("\r\n");
+    }
+    request.push_str("\r\n");
+    stream.write_all(request.as_bytes()).await?;
+    stream.flush().await?;
+
+    let mut response = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
+    let mut chunk = [0u8; 1024];
+    loop {
+        if response.len() >= 16 * 1024 {
+            return Err(io::Error::other("proxy CONNECT response too large"));
+        }
+        let n = stream.read(&mut chunk).await?;
+        if n == 0 {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
+                "proxy closed during CONNECT",
+            ));
+        }
+        response.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..n]);
+        if response.windows(4).any(|window| window == b"\r\n\r\n") {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let status_line_end = response
+        .windows(2)
+        .position(|window| window == b"\r\n")
+        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("proxy CONNECT response missing status line"))?;
+    let status_line = std::str::from_utf8(&response[..status_line_end])
+        .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("proxy CONNECT status line is not UTF-8"))?;
+    let status = status_line.split_whitespace().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
+    if status == "200" {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "proxy CONNECT failed: {status_line}"
+        )))
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn socks5_connect(
+    stream: &mut TcpStream,
+    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
+    target_host: &str,
+    target_port: u16,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let requires_auth = proxy.username().is_some();
+    if requires_auth {
+        stream.write_all(&[0x05, 0x02, 0x00, 0x02]).await?;
+    } else {
+        stream.write_all(&[0x05, 0x01, 0x00]).await?;
+    }
+
+    let mut method_response = [0u8; 2];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut method_response).await?;
+    if method_response[0] != 0x05 {
+        return Err(io::Error::other("invalid SOCKS5 method response"));
+    }
+    match method_response[1] {
+        0x00 => {}
+        0x02 => socks5_authenticate(stream, proxy).await?,
+        0xff => return Err(io::Error::other("SOCKS5 proxy rejected all auth methods")),
+        method => {
+            return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+                "SOCKS5 proxy selected unsupported auth method 0x{method:02x}"
+            )))
+        }
+    }
+
+    let address = socks5_target_address(target_host, target_port, proxy.uses_remote_dns()).await?;
+    stream.write_all(&address).await?;
+
+    let mut response = [0u8; 4];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut response).await?;
+    if response[0] != 0x05 {
+        return Err(io::Error::other("invalid SOCKS5 connect response"));
+    }
+    if response[1] != 0x00 {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+            "SOCKS5 connect failed: {}",
+            socks5_reply_message(response[1])
+        )));
+    }
+
+    match response[3] {
+        0x01 => {
+            let mut ignored = [0u8; 4 + 2];
+            stream.read_exact(&mut ignored).await?;
+        }
+        0x03 => {
+            let mut len = [0u8; 1];
+            stream.read_exact(&mut len).await?;
+            let mut ignored = vec![0u8; len[0] as usize + 2];
+            stream.read_exact(&mut ignored).await?;
+        }
+        0x04 => {
+            let mut ignored = [0u8; 16 + 2];
+            stream.read_exact(&mut ignored).await?;
+        }
+        atyp => {
+            return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
+                "SOCKS5 proxy returned unsupported address type 0x{atyp:02x}"
+            )))
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn socks5_authenticate(
+    stream: &mut TcpStream,
+    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
+) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let username = proxy.username().unwrap_or_default().as_bytes();
+    let password = proxy.password().unwrap_or_default().as_bytes();
+    if username.len() > u8::MAX as usize || password.len() > u8::MAX as usize {
+        return Err(io::Error::other(
+            "SOCKS5 username/password must be at most 255 bytes",
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let mut request = Vec::with_capacity(username.len() + password.len() + 3);
+    request.push(0x01);
+    request.push(username.len() as u8);
+    request.extend_from_slice(username);
+    request.push(password.len() as u8);
+    request.extend_from_slice(password);
+    stream.write_all(&request).await?;
+
+    let mut response = [0u8; 2];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut response).await?;
+    if response[0] != 0x01 || response[1] != 0x00 {
+        return Err(io::Error::other("SOCKS5 username/password auth failed"));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn socks5_target_address(
+    target_host: &str,
+    target_port: u16,
+    remote_dns: bool,
+) -> io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut request = vec![0x05, 0x01, 0x00];
+    if let Ok(ip) = target_host.parse::<IpAddr>() {
+        push_socks5_ip_address(&mut request, ip);
+    } else if remote_dns {
+        let host = target_host.as_bytes();
+        if host.len() > u8::MAX as usize {
+            return Err(io::Error::other("SOCKS5 target hostname is too long"));
+        }
+        request.push(0x03);
+        request.push(host.len() as u8);
+        request.extend_from_slice(host);
+    } else {
+        let mut resolved = tokio::net::lookup_host((target_host, target_port))
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("SOCKS5 target DNS failed: {err}")))?;
+        let addr = resolved
+            .next()
+            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("SOCKS5 target DNS returned no addresses"))?;
+        push_socks5_socket_address(&mut request, addr);
+    }
+    request.extend_from_slice(&target_port.to_be_bytes());
+    Ok(request)
+}
+
+fn push_socks5_socket_address(request: &mut Vec<u8>, addr: SocketAddr) {
+    push_socks5_ip_address(request, addr.ip());
+}
+
+fn push_socks5_ip_address(request: &mut Vec<u8>, ip: IpAddr) {
+    match ip {
+        IpAddr::V4(ip) => {
+            request.push(0x01);
+            request.extend_from_slice(&ip.octets());
+        }
+        IpAddr::V6(ip) => {
+            request.push(0x04);
+            request.extend_from_slice(&ip.octets());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn socks5_reply_message(reply: u8) -> &'static str {
+    match reply {
+        0x01 => "general failure",
+        0x02 => "connection not allowed",
+        0x03 => "network unreachable",
+        0x04 => "host unreachable",
+        0x05 => "connection refused",
+        0x06 => "TTL expired",
+        0x07 => "command not supported",
+        0x08 => "address type not supported",
+        _ => "unknown error",
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn target_authority(host: &str, port: u16) -> String {
+    if host.contains(':') && !host.starts_with('[') {
+        format!("[{host}]:{port}")
+    } else {
+        format!("{host}:{port}")
+    }
+}
+
 fn non_empty_url_part(value: &str) -> Option<String> {
     let value = value.trim();
     if value.is_empty() {

apps/aether-proxy/src/registration/client.rs

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ impl AetherClient {
             tcp_nodelay: config.aether_tcp_nodelay,
             http2_adaptive_window: config.aether_http2,
             user_agent: Some(format!("aether-proxy/{}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))),
+            proxy_url: config.effective_aether_proxy_url().map(str::to_string),
             ..HttpClientConfig::default()
         })
         .expect("failed to create HTTP client");

apps/aether-proxy/src/setup/tui.rs

@@ -93,15 +93,6 @@ impl ServerTab {
                     required: true,
                     help: "Node name for identification in Aether dashboard",
                 },
-                Field {
-                    label: "Upstream Proxy",
-                    key: "upstream_proxy_url",
-                    value: String::new(),
-                    kind: FieldKind::Text,
-                    required: false,
-                    help:
-                        "Optional provider egress proxy, e.g. http://127.0.0.1:8080 or socks5h://127.0.0.1:1080",
-                },
             ],
         }
     }
@@ -115,12 +106,6 @@ impl ServerTab {
         }
         tab
     }
-
-    fn set_field_value(&mut self, key: &str, value: &str) {
-        if let Some(field) = self.fields.iter_mut().find(|field| field.key == key) {
-            field.value = value.to_string();
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 // -- App state ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -153,6 +138,15 @@ impl App {
             server_tabs: vec![ServerTab::new()],
             active_tab: 0,
             global_fields: vec![
+                Field {
+                    label: "Egress Proxy",
+                    key: "upstream_proxy_url",
+                    value: String::new(),
+                    kind: FieldKind::Text,
+                    required: false,
+                    help:
+                        "Optional egress proxy for Aether tunnel/API and provider requests, e.g. http://127.0.0.1:8080 or socks5h://127.0.0.1:1080",
+                },
                 Field {
                     label: "Install Service",
                     key: "install_service",
@@ -282,6 +276,7 @@ impl App {
                 "allow_private_targets" => cfg.allow_private_targets.map(|v| v.to_string()),
                 "heartbeat_interval" => cfg.heartbeat_interval.map(|v| v.to_string()),
                 "redirect_replay_budget_bytes" => cfg.redirect_replay_budget_bytes.clone(),
+                "upstream_proxy_url" => cfg.upstream_proxy_url.clone(),
                 _ => None,
             };
             if let Some(v) = val {
@@ -296,11 +291,6 @@ impl App {
         } else {
             self.server_tabs = servers.iter().map(ServerTab::from_entry).collect();
         }
-        if let Some(proxy_url) = cfg.upstream_proxy_url.as_deref() {
-            for tab in &mut self.server_tabs {
-                tab.set_field_value("upstream_proxy_url", proxy_url);
-            }
-        }
         self.active_tab = 0;
         self.selected = 0;
         self.scroll_offset = 0;
@@ -322,12 +312,6 @@ impl App {
             .filter(|v| !v.is_empty())
     }
 
-    fn get_shared_server_field(&self, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
-        self.server_tabs
-            .iter()
-            .find_map(|tab| Self::get_tab(tab, key))
-    }
-
     fn toggle_enabled(&self, key: &str) -> bool {
         self.get_global(key).as_deref() == Some("true")
     }
@@ -373,7 +357,7 @@ impl App {
     }
 
     fn parse_optional_upstream_proxy_url(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Option<String>> {
-        let Some(raw) = self.get_shared_server_field("upstream_proxy_url") else {
+        let Some(raw) = self.get_global("upstream_proxy_url") else {
             return Ok(None);
         };
         let trimmed = raw.trim();
@@ -381,7 +365,7 @@ impl App {
             return Ok(None);
         }
         UpstreamProxyConfig::parse(trimmed)
-            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("upstream proxy URL invalid: {err}"))?;
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("egress proxy URL invalid: {err}"))?;
         Ok(Some(trimmed.to_string()))
     }
 
@@ -613,11 +597,7 @@ impl App {
             }
             // -- Add / remove server --
             KeyCode::Char('+') | KeyCode::Char('a') => {
-                let upstream_proxy_url = self.get_shared_server_field("upstream_proxy_url");
-                let mut tab = ServerTab::new();
-                if let Some(proxy_url) = upstream_proxy_url.as_deref() {
-                    tab.set_field_value("upstream_proxy_url", proxy_url);
-                }
+                let tab = ServerTab::new();
                 self.server_tabs.push(tab);
                 self.active_tab = self.server_tabs.len() - 1;
                 self.selected = 0;
@@ -694,14 +674,7 @@ impl App {
 
     fn commit_edit_buffer(&mut self) -> bool {
         if self.validate_edit() {
-            let key = self.selected_field().key;
-            if key == "upstream_proxy_url" {
-                for tab in &mut self.server_tabs {
-                    tab.set_field_value(key, &self.edit_buffer);
-                }
-            } else {
-                self.selected_field_mut().value = self.edit_buffer.clone();
-            }
+            self.selected_field_mut().value = self.edit_buffer.clone();
             self.modified = true;
             self.mode = Mode::Normal;
             true
@@ -1124,23 +1097,20 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn new_app_places_upstream_proxy_under_node_name() {
+    fn new_app_places_egress_proxy_in_global_fields() {
         let app = sample_app();
-        let keys: Vec<&str> = app.server_tabs[0]
+        let server_keys: Vec<&str> = app.server_tabs[0]
             .fields
             .iter()
             .map(|field| field.key)
             .collect();
+        let global_keys: Vec<&str> = app.global_fields.iter().map(|field| field.key).collect();
 
         assert_eq!(
-            keys,
-            vec![
-                "aether_url",
-                "management_token",
-                "node_name",
-                "upstream_proxy_url"
-            ]
+            server_keys,
+            vec!["aether_url", "management_token", "node_name"]
         );
+        assert_eq!(global_keys.first().copied(), Some("upstream_proxy_url"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1172,7 +1142,7 @@ mod tests {
         set_global_field(&mut app, "allow_private_targets", "true");
         set_global_field(&mut app, "heartbeat_interval", "45");
         set_global_field(&mut app, "redirect_replay_budget_bytes", "6m");
-        set_server_field(&mut app, "upstream_proxy_url", "socks5h://127.0.0.1:1080");
+        set_global_field(&mut app, "upstream_proxy_url", "socks5h://127.0.0.1:1080");
 
         let cfg = app.to_config().expect("config should serialize");
         assert_eq!(cfg.allow_private_targets, Some(true));
@@ -1194,14 +1164,14 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn to_config_rejects_invalid_upstream_proxy_url() {
+    fn to_config_rejects_invalid_egress_proxy_url() {
         let mut app = sample_app();
-        set_server_field(&mut app, "upstream_proxy_url", "ftp://proxy.example");
+        set_global_field(&mut app, "upstream_proxy_url", "ftp://proxy.example");
 
         let error = app
             .to_config()
-            .expect_err("invalid upstream proxy should be rejected");
-        assert!(error.to_string().contains("upstream proxy URL"));
+            .expect_err("invalid egress proxy should be rejected");
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("egress proxy URL"));
     }
 
     #[test]

apps/aether-proxy/src/state.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 //! Shared application state passed to all subsystems.
 
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
-use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
 use std::time::Duration;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 use aether_runtime::{AdmissionPermit, ConcurrencyError, ConcurrencyGate, ConcurrencySnapshot};
 use aether_runtime_state::{RuntimeSemaphore, RuntimeSemaphoreError, RuntimeSemaphoreSnapshot};
@@ -50,6 +52,8 @@ pub struct ServerContext {
     pub active_connections: Arc<AtomicU64>,
     /// Per-server request/latency metrics.
     pub metrics: Arc<ProxyMetrics>,
+    /// Per-server tunnel stability/traffic metrics.
+    pub tunnel_metrics: Arc<TunnelMetrics>,
 }
 
 /// Aggregate metrics for reporting to Aether.
@@ -83,6 +87,221 @@ impl ProxyMetrics {
     }
 }
 
+const RECENT_TUNNEL_ERROR_CAPACITY: usize = 64;
+const TUNNEL_ERROR_CATEGORY_MAX_CHARS: usize = 48;
+const TUNNEL_ERROR_MESSAGE_MAX_CHARS: usize = 320;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct TunnelErrorEvent {
+    pub timestamp_unix_secs: u64,
+    pub category: String,
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct TunnelMetricsSnapshot {
+    pub connect_attempts: u64,
+    pub connect_successes: u64,
+    pub connect_errors: u64,
+    pub disconnects: u64,
+    pub last_connected_at_unix_secs: u64,
+    pub last_disconnected_at_unix_secs: u64,
+    pub last_connected_duration_ms: u64,
+    pub connected_duration_total_ms: u64,
+    pub heartbeat_sent: u64,
+    pub heartbeat_ack: u64,
+    pub heartbeat_rtt_last_ms: u64,
+    pub heartbeat_rtt_total_ms: u64,
+    pub ws_in_frames: u64,
+    pub ws_in_bytes: u64,
+    pub ws_out_frames: u64,
+    pub ws_out_bytes: u64,
+    pub error_events_total: u64,
+}
+
+impl TunnelMetricsSnapshot {
+    pub fn heartbeat_rtt_avg_ms(self) -> Option<f64> {
+        if self.heartbeat_ack == 0 {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(self.heartbeat_rtt_total_ms as f64 / self.heartbeat_ack as f64)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct TunnelMetrics {
+    connect_attempts: AtomicU64,
+    connect_successes: AtomicU64,
+    connect_errors: AtomicU64,
+    disconnects: AtomicU64,
+    last_connected_at_unix_secs: AtomicU64,
+    last_disconnected_at_unix_secs: AtomicU64,
+    last_connected_duration_ms: AtomicU64,
+    connected_duration_total_ms: AtomicU64,
+    heartbeat_sent: AtomicU64,
+    heartbeat_ack: AtomicU64,
+    heartbeat_rtt_last_ms: AtomicU64,
+    heartbeat_rtt_total_ms: AtomicU64,
+    ws_in_frames: AtomicU64,
+    ws_in_bytes: AtomicU64,
+    ws_out_frames: AtomicU64,
+    ws_out_bytes: AtomicU64,
+    error_events_total: AtomicU64,
+    recent_errors: Mutex<VecDeque<TunnelErrorEvent>>,
+}
+
+impl TunnelMetrics {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            connect_attempts: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            connect_successes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            connect_errors: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            disconnects: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            last_connected_at_unix_secs: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            last_disconnected_at_unix_secs: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            last_connected_duration_ms: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            connected_duration_total_ms: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            heartbeat_sent: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            heartbeat_ack: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            heartbeat_rtt_last_ms: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            heartbeat_rtt_total_ms: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            ws_in_frames: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            ws_in_bytes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            ws_out_frames: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            ws_out_bytes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            error_events_total: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            recent_errors: Mutex::new(VecDeque::with_capacity(RECENT_TUNNEL_ERROR_CAPACITY)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_connect_attempt(&self) {
+        self.connect_attempts.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_connect_success(&self) {
+        self.connect_successes.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+        self.last_connected_at_unix_secs
+            .store(now_unix_secs(), Ordering::Release);
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_connect_error(&self) {
+        self.connect_errors.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_disconnect(&self, connected_for: Duration) {
+        let duration_ms = duration_to_millis_u64(connected_for);
+        self.disconnects.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+        self.last_disconnected_at_unix_secs
+            .store(now_unix_secs(), Ordering::Release);
+        self.last_connected_duration_ms
+            .store(duration_ms, Ordering::Release);
+        self.connected_duration_total_ms
+            .fetch_add(duration_ms, Ordering::Release);
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_heartbeat_sent(&self) {
+        self.heartbeat_sent.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_heartbeat_ack(&self, rtt: Duration) {
+        let rtt_ms = duration_to_millis_u64(rtt);
+        self.heartbeat_ack.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+        self.heartbeat_rtt_last_ms.store(rtt_ms, Ordering::Release);
+        self.heartbeat_rtt_total_ms
+            .fetch_add(rtt_ms, Ordering::Release);
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_ws_incoming_frame(&self, payload_len: usize) {
+        self.ws_in_frames.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+        self.ws_in_bytes.fetch_add(
+            u64::try_from(payload_len).unwrap_or(u64::MAX),
+            Ordering::Release,
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_ws_outgoing_frame(&self, payload_len: usize) {
+        self.ws_out_frames.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+        self.ws_out_bytes.fetch_add(
+            u64::try_from(payload_len).unwrap_or(u64::MAX),
+            Ordering::Release,
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub fn record_error(&self, category: &str, message: &str) {
+        self.error_events_total.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
+
+        let event = TunnelErrorEvent {
+            timestamp_unix_secs: now_unix_secs(),
+            category: normalize_error_field(category, TUNNEL_ERROR_CATEGORY_MAX_CHARS, "unknown"),
+            message: normalize_error_field(message, TUNNEL_ERROR_MESSAGE_MAX_CHARS, "n/a"),
+        };
+
+        let mut recent_errors = match self.recent_errors.lock() {
+            Ok(guard) => guard,
+            Err(poisoned) => poisoned.into_inner(),
+        };
+        if recent_errors.len() >= RECENT_TUNNEL_ERROR_CAPACITY {
+            recent_errors.pop_front();
+        }
+        recent_errors.push_back(event);
+    }
+
+    pub fn recent_errors(&self, limit: usize) -> Vec<TunnelErrorEvent> {
+        if limit == 0 {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        let recent_errors = match self.recent_errors.lock() {
+            Ok(guard) => guard,
+            Err(poisoned) => poisoned.into_inner(),
+        };
+        let start = recent_errors.len().saturating_sub(limit);
+        recent_errors.iter().skip(start).cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn snapshot(&self) -> TunnelMetricsSnapshot {
+        TunnelMetricsSnapshot {
+            connect_attempts: self.connect_attempts.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            connect_successes: self.connect_successes.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            connect_errors: self.connect_errors.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            disconnects: self.disconnects.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            last_connected_at_unix_secs: self.last_connected_at_unix_secs.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            last_disconnected_at_unix_secs: self
+                .last_disconnected_at_unix_secs
+                .load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            last_connected_duration_ms: self.last_connected_duration_ms.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            connected_duration_total_ms: self.connected_duration_total_ms.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            heartbeat_sent: self.heartbeat_sent.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            heartbeat_ack: self.heartbeat_ack.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            heartbeat_rtt_last_ms: self.heartbeat_rtt_last_ms.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            heartbeat_rtt_total_ms: self.heartbeat_rtt_total_ms.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            ws_in_frames: self.ws_in_frames.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            ws_in_bytes: self.ws_in_bytes.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            ws_out_frames: self.ws_out_frames.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            ws_out_bytes: self.ws_out_bytes.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+            error_events_total: self.error_events_total.load(Ordering::Acquire),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn now_unix_secs() -> u64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map(|d| d.as_secs())
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+fn duration_to_millis_u64(duration: Duration) -> u64 {
+    u64::try_from(duration.as_millis()).unwrap_or(u64::MAX)
+}
+
+fn normalize_error_field(value: &str, max_chars: usize, fallback: &str) -> String {
+    let normalized = value.split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" ");
+    if normalized.is_empty() {
+        return fallback.to_string();
+    }
+    normalized.chars().take(max_chars).collect()
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ProxyAdmissionError {
     #[error("proxy stream admission saturated at {limit} for gate {gate}")]

apps/aether-proxy/src/tunnel/client.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! WebSocket tunnel client: connect, authenticate, and run the tunnel.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio::sync::watch;
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::http;
 use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::protocol::WebSocketConfig;
 use tracing::{debug, warn};
 
+use crate::egress_proxy::{connect_target_via_proxy, ProxyConnectOptions, UpstreamProxyConfig};
 use crate::state::{AppState, ServerContext};
 
 use super::{dispatcher, heartbeat, writer};
@@ -71,14 +72,7 @@ pub async fn connect_and_run(
         .config
         .tunnel_connect_timeout()
         .expect("validated config should resolve tunnel connect timeout");
-    let tcp_stream = tokio::time::timeout(connect_timeout, TcpStream::connect((host, port)))
-        .await
-        .map_err(|_| {
-            anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "tunnel TCP connect timeout ({}ms)",
-                connect_timeout.as_millis()
-            )
-        })??;
+    let tcp_stream = connect_tunnel_tcp(state, host, port, connect_timeout).await?;
 
     // Configure TCP parameters via socket2
     configure_tcp_socket(&tcp_stream, state);
@@ -133,6 +127,8 @@ pub async fn connect_and_run(
         ping_interval_ms = ping_interval.as_millis(),
         "tunnel connected"
     );
+    server.tunnel_metrics.record_connect_success();
+    let connected_at = Instant::now();
 
     // NOTE: reconnect_attempts reset is handled by the caller (mod.rs)
     // based on how long the connection stayed alive.
@@ -141,7 +137,11 @@ pub async fn connect_and_run(
     let (ws_sink, ws_read) = futures_util::StreamExt::split(ws_stream);
 
     // Spawn writer task (with WebSocket ping keepalive)
-    let (frame_tx, mut writer_handle) = writer::spawn_writer(ws_sink, ping_interval);
+    let (frame_tx, mut writer_handle) = writer::spawn_writer_with_metrics(
+        ws_sink,
+        ping_interval,
+        Some(Arc::clone(&server.tunnel_metrics)),
+    );
     let drain_signal = spawn_drain_signal(conn_idx, frame_tx.clone(), drain.clone());
 
     // Spawn heartbeat task (only for primary connection to avoid
@@ -174,8 +174,13 @@ pub async fn connect_and_run(
             drain.clone(),
         ) => {
             match result {
-                Ok(()) => TunnelOutcome::Disconnected,
-                Err(e) => return Err(e),
+                Ok(()) => Ok(TunnelOutcome::Disconnected),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    server
+                        .tunnel_metrics
+                        .record_error("dispatcher_error", &e.to_string());
+                    Err(e)
+                }
             }
         }
         writer_result = &mut writer_handle => {
@@ -184,16 +189,22 @@ pub async fn connect_and_run(
                 Err(e) => {
                     if e.is_panic() {
                         tracing::error!(error = %e, "writer task panicked, triggering reconnect");
+                        server
+                            .tunnel_metrics
+                            .record_error("writer_task_panic", &e.to_string());
                     } else {
                         warn!(error = %e, "writer task cancelled, triggering reconnect");
+                        server
+                            .tunnel_metrics
+                            .record_error("writer_task_cancelled", &e.to_string());
                     }
                 }
             }
-            TunnelOutcome::Disconnected
+            Ok(TunnelOutcome::Disconnected)
         }
         _ = shutdown.changed() => {
             debug!("shutdown during tunnel dispatch");
-            TunnelOutcome::Shutdown
+            Ok(TunnelOutcome::Shutdown)
         }
     };
 
@@ -213,8 +224,12 @@ pub async fn connect_and_run(
         let _ = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(35), writer_handle).await;
     }
 
+    server
+        .tunnel_metrics
+        .record_disconnect(connected_at.elapsed());
+
     debug!("tunnel disconnected");
-    Ok(outcome)
+    outcome
 }
 
 fn spawn_drain_signal(
@@ -246,6 +261,56 @@ fn spawn_drain_signal(
     })
 }
 
+async fn connect_tunnel_tcp(
+    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    host: &str,
+    port: u16,
+    connect_timeout: Duration,
+) -> Result<TcpStream, anyhow::Error> {
+    if let Some(proxy_url) = state.config.effective_aether_proxy_url() {
+        let proxy = UpstreamProxyConfig::parse(proxy_url)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("aether proxy URL invalid: {err}"))?;
+        debug!(
+            proxy_url = %proxy.redacted_url(),
+            host = %host,
+            port = port,
+            "connecting tunnel via Aether egress proxy"
+        );
+        return tokio::time::timeout(
+            connect_timeout,
+            connect_target_via_proxy(
+                &proxy,
+                host,
+                port,
+                ProxyConnectOptions {
+                    connect_timeout,
+                    tcp_nodelay: state.config.tunnel_tcp_nodelay,
+                    tcp_keepalive: (state.config.tunnel_tcp_keepalive_secs > 0)
+                        .then(|| Duration::from_secs(state.config.tunnel_tcp_keepalive_secs)),
+                },
+            ),
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "tunnel proxy TCP connect timeout ({}ms)",
+                connect_timeout.as_millis()
+            )
+        })?
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::from);
+    }
+
+    tokio::time::timeout(connect_timeout, TcpStream::connect((host, port)))
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "tunnel TCP connect timeout ({}ms)",
+                connect_timeout.as_millis()
+            )
+        })?
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::from)
+}
+
 /// Configure TCP keepalive and NODELAY on an established socket.
 fn configure_tcp_socket(stream: &TcpStream, state: &Arc<AppState>) {
     let sock_ref = socket2::SockRef::from(stream);

apps/aether-proxy/src/tunnel/dispatcher.rs

@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ where
                     stale_ms = stale_timeout.as_millis(),
                     "tunnel connection stale, no data received"
                 );
+                server.tunnel_metrics.record_error(
+                    "stale_timeout",
+                    &format!("no tunnel frame received for {}ms", stale_timeout.as_millis()),
+                );
                 break None;
             }
         };
@@ -92,6 +96,9 @@ where
             Ok(m) => m,
             Err(e) => {
                 error!(error = %e, "WebSocket read error");
+                server
+                    .tunnel_metrics
+                    .record_error("ws_read_error", &e.to_string());
                 break Some(e);
             }
         };
@@ -100,7 +107,10 @@ where
         last_data_at = tokio::time::Instant::now();
 
         let data = match msg {
-            Message::Binary(data) => Bytes::from(data),
+            Message::Binary(data) => {
+                server.tunnel_metrics.record_ws_incoming_frame(data.len());
+                Bytes::from(data)
+            }
             Message::Ping(_) => continue,
             Message::Pong(_) => continue,
             Message::Close(_) => {
@@ -114,6 +124,9 @@ where
             Ok(f) => f,
             Err(e) => {
                 warn!(error = %e, "failed to decode frame");
+                server
+                    .tunnel_metrics
+                    .record_error("frame_decode_error", &e.to_string());
                 continue;
             }
         };
@@ -223,6 +236,10 @@ where
                     if is_end || dispatch != StreamDispatchStatus::Delivered {
                         streams.remove(&sid);
                         if dispatch == StreamDispatchStatus::TimedOut {
+                            server.tunnel_metrics.record_error(
+                                "stream_dispatch_timeout",
+                                &format!("request body dispatch timed out for stream {}", sid),
+                            );
                             try_send_stream_error(
                                 &frame_tx,
                                 sid,

apps/aether-proxy/src/tunnel/heartbeat.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use tokio::sync::watch;
+use tokio::time::Instant;
 use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
 
 use crate::registration::client::RemoteConfig;
@@ -60,6 +61,13 @@ struct HeartbeatSnapshot {
     stream_errors: u64,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct PendingHeartbeat {
+    heartbeat_id: u64,
+    snapshot: HeartbeatSnapshot,
+    sent_at: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
 /// Spawn the heartbeat task. Returns a handle for forwarding ACKs.
 pub fn spawn(
     state: Arc<AppState>,
@@ -76,7 +84,7 @@ pub fn spawn(
         // At most one in-flight heartbeat snapshot is tracked at a time.
         // Snapshot is only cleared after receiving an ACK, which avoids losing
         // interval counters when ACK/frame delivery is temporarily unstable.
-        let mut pending: Option<(u64, HeartbeatSnapshot)> = None;
+        let mut pending: Option<PendingHeartbeat> = None;
         let mut next_heartbeat_id: u64 = 1;
         let heartbeat_session_id = format!(
             "{}-{}",
@@ -93,8 +101,8 @@ pub fn spawn(
         loop {
             tokio::select! {
                 _ = tokio::time::sleep(current_interval) => {
-                    let (heartbeat_id, snapshot) = if let Some((id, snap)) = pending {
-                        (id, snap)
+                    let pending_entry = if let Some(entry) = pending {
+                        entry
                     } else {
                         let snap = collect_snapshot(&server);
                         let id = next_heartbeat_id;
@@ -102,24 +110,34 @@ pub fn spawn(
                         if next_heartbeat_id == 0 {
                             next_heartbeat_id = 1;
                         }
-                        pending = Some((id, snap));
-                        (id, snap)
+                        let entry = PendingHeartbeat {
+                            heartbeat_id: id,
+                            snapshot: snap,
+                            sent_at: None,
+                        };
+                        pending = Some(entry);
+                        entry
                     };
 
                     let payload = build_heartbeat_payload(
                         &state,
                         &server,
                         &heartbeat_session_id,
-                        heartbeat_id,
-                        snapshot
+                        pending_entry.heartbeat_id,
+                        pending_entry.snapshot
                     ).await;
                     let frame = Frame::control(MsgType::HeartbeatData, payload);
                     if frame_tx.send(frame).await.is_err() {
-                        if let Some((_, snap)) = pending.take() {
-                            restore_snapshot(&server, snap);
+                        if let Some(entry) = pending.take() {
+                            restore_snapshot(&server, entry.snapshot);
                         }
                         break; // Writer closed
                     }
+                    server.tunnel_metrics.record_heartbeat_sent();
+                    if let Some(mut entry) = pending {
+                        entry.sent_at = Some(Instant::now());
+                        pending = Some(entry);
+                    }
                     debug!("sent heartbeat data");
 
                     // Re-read interval from dynamic config (remote config may have
@@ -142,8 +160,11 @@ pub fn spawn(
                             heartbeat_id: ack_id,
                             upgrade_to,
                         } => {
-                            if let Some((pending_id, _)) = pending {
-                                if ack_id == pending_id {
+                            if let Some(entry) = pending {
+                                if ack_id == entry.heartbeat_id {
+                                    if let Some(sent_at) = entry.sent_at {
+                                        server.tunnel_metrics.record_heartbeat_ack(sent_at.elapsed());
+                                    }
                                     pending = None;
                                 }
                             }
@@ -154,8 +175,8 @@ pub fn spawn(
                 }
                 _ = shutdown.changed() => {
                     debug!("heartbeat task shutting down");
-                    if let Some((_, snap)) = pending.take() {
-                        restore_snapshot(&server, snap);
+                    if let Some(entry) = pending.take() {
+                        restore_snapshot(&server, entry.snapshot);
                     }
                     break;
                 }
@@ -217,6 +238,8 @@ async fn build_heartbeat_payload(
     snapshot: HeartbeatSnapshot,
 ) -> Bytes {
     let node_id = server.node_id.read().unwrap().clone();
+    let tunnel_snapshot = server.tunnel_metrics.snapshot();
+    let recent_errors = server.tunnel_metrics.recent_errors(8);
 
     let avg_latency_ms = if snapshot.requests > 0 {
         Some(snapshot.latency_ns as f64 / snapshot.requests as f64 / 1_000_000.0)
@@ -268,6 +291,26 @@ async fn build_heartbeat_payload(
         "proxy_metadata": {
             "version": CURRENT_VERSION,
             "admission": admission,
+            "tunnel_metrics": {
+                "connect_attempts": tunnel_snapshot.connect_attempts,
+                "connect_successes": tunnel_snapshot.connect_successes,
+                "connect_errors": tunnel_snapshot.connect_errors,
+                "disconnects": tunnel_snapshot.disconnects,
+                "last_connected_at_unix_secs": tunnel_snapshot.last_connected_at_unix_secs,
+                "last_disconnected_at_unix_secs": tunnel_snapshot.last_disconnected_at_unix_secs,
+                "last_connected_duration_ms": tunnel_snapshot.last_connected_duration_ms,
+                "connected_duration_total_ms": tunnel_snapshot.connected_duration_total_ms,
+                "heartbeat_sent": tunnel_snapshot.heartbeat_sent,
+                "heartbeat_ack": tunnel_snapshot.heartbeat_ack,
+                "heartbeat_rtt_last_ms": tunnel_snapshot.heartbeat_rtt_last_ms,
+                "heartbeat_rtt_avg_ms": tunnel_snapshot.heartbeat_rtt_avg_ms(),
+                "ws_in_frames": tunnel_snapshot.ws_in_frames,
+                "ws_in_bytes": tunnel_snapshot.ws_in_bytes,
+                "ws_out_frames": tunnel_snapshot.ws_out_frames,
+                "ws_out_bytes": tunnel_snapshot.ws_out_bytes,
+                "error_events_total": tunnel_snapshot.error_events_total,
+            },
+            "recent_tunnel_errors": recent_errors,
         },
     });
 
@@ -277,6 +320,9 @@ async fn build_heartbeat_payload(
 fn handle_ack(server: &ServerContext, payload: &[u8]) -> AckDecision {
     if payload.is_empty() {
         warn!("received empty heartbeat ACK");
+        server
+            .tunnel_metrics
+            .record_error("heartbeat_ack_empty", "received empty heartbeat ACK");
         return AckDecision::Ignore;
     }
 
@@ -303,6 +349,9 @@ fn handle_ack(server: &ServerContext, payload: &[u8]) -> AckDecision {
         }
         Err(e) => {
             warn!(error = %e, "failed to parse heartbeat ACK");
+            server
+                .tunnel_metrics
+                .record_error("heartbeat_ack_parse", &e.to_string());
             AckDecision::Ignore
         }
     }
@@ -373,7 +422,7 @@ mod tests {
     use super::{handle_ack, AckDecision};
     use crate::registration::client::AetherClient;
     use crate::runtime::DynamicConfig;
-    use crate::state::{ProxyMetrics, ServerContext};
+    use crate::state::{ProxyMetrics, ServerContext, TunnelMetrics};
 
     fn sample_server() -> Arc<ServerContext> {
         let config = Arc::new(crate::config::Config::parse_from([
@@ -399,6 +448,7 @@ mod tests {
             dynamic: Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(DynamicConfig::from_config(&config))),
             active_connections: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0)),
             metrics: Arc::new(ProxyMetrics::new()),
+            tunnel_metrics: Arc::new(TunnelMetrics::new()),
         })
     }
 

apps/aether-proxy/src/tunnel/mod.rs

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ pub async fn run(
             info!(server = %server.server_label, conn = conn_idx, "tunnel drained, exiting slot");
             return;
         }
+        server.tunnel_metrics.record_connect_attempt();
         let started_at = Instant::now();
         match client::connect_and_run(state, server, conn_idx, &mut shutdown, drain.clone()).await {
             Ok(client::TunnelOutcome::Shutdown) => {
@@ -86,6 +87,10 @@ pub async fn run(
                 debug!(server = %server.server_label, conn = conn_idx, "tunnel disconnected, reconnecting");
             }
             Err(e) => {
+                server.tunnel_metrics.record_connect_error();
+                server
+                    .tunnel_metrics
+                    .record_error("tunnel_connect_error", &e.to_string());
                 error!(server = %server.server_label, conn = conn_idx, error = %e, "tunnel connection error, reconnecting");
             }
         }
@@ -237,7 +242,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::config::Config;
     use crate::registration::client::AetherClient;
     use crate::runtime::DynamicConfig;
-    use crate::state::{AppState as ProxyAppState, ProxyMetrics, ServerContext};
+    use crate::state::{AppState as ProxyAppState, ProxyMetrics, ServerContext, TunnelMetrics};
     use crate::target_filter::DnsCache;
     use crate::tunnel::protocol;
     use crate::upstream_client;
@@ -478,6 +483,7 @@ mod tests {
             dynamic: Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(DynamicConfig::from_config(&config))),
             active_connections: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0)),
             metrics: Arc::new(ProxyMetrics::new()),
+            tunnel_metrics: Arc::new(TunnelMetrics::new()),
         })
     }
 
@@ -498,6 +504,7 @@ mod tests {
             aether_tcp_keepalive_secs: 60,
             aether_tcp_nodelay: true,
             aether_http2: true,
+            aether_proxy_url: None,
             aether_retry_max_attempts: 1,
             aether_retry_base_delay_ms: 50,
             aether_retry_max_delay_ms: 100,

apps/aether-proxy/src/tunnel/stream_handler.rs

@@ -1532,7 +1532,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::config::Config;
     use crate::registration::client::AetherClient;
     use crate::runtime::DynamicConfig;
-    use crate::state::ProxyMetrics;
+    use crate::state::{ProxyMetrics, TunnelMetrics};
     use crate::target_filter::DnsCache;
     use crate::tunnel::client::build_tls_config;
 
@@ -2335,6 +2335,7 @@ mod tests {
             dynamic: Arc::new(ArcSwap::from_pointee(DynamicConfig::from_config(&config))),
             active_connections: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0)),
             metrics: Arc::new(ProxyMetrics::new()),
+            tunnel_metrics: Arc::new(TunnelMetrics::new()),
         })
     }
 
@@ -2355,6 +2356,7 @@ mod tests {
             aether_tcp_keepalive_secs: 60,
             aether_tcp_nodelay: true,
             aether_http2: true,
+            aether_proxy_url: None,
             aether_retry_max_attempts: 3,
             aether_retry_base_delay_ms: 200,
             aether_retry_max_delay_ms: 2_000,

apps/aether-proxy/src/tunnel/writer.rs

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@
 //! periodic WebSocket Ping frames to keep the connection alive through
 //! intermediary proxies (Nginx, Cloudflare, etc.).
 
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use aether_contracts::tunnel::MsgType;
+use aether_contracts::tunnel::{MsgType, HEADER_SIZE};
 #[cfg(test)]
 use aether_runtime::QueueSnapshot;
 use aether_runtime::{bounded_queue, BoundedQueueSender, QueueSendError};
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
 use tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Message;
 use tracing::{debug, error, trace};
 
+use crate::state::TunnelMetrics;
+
 use super::protocol::Frame;
 
 const HIGH_PRIORITY_QUEUE_CAPACITY: usize = 64;
@@ -77,7 +80,20 @@ impl FrameSender {
 ///
 /// `ping_interval` controls WebSocket-level Ping frequency (typically 15s).
 /// This keeps the connection alive through intermediary proxies/load-balancers.
-pub fn spawn_writer<S>(mut sink: S, ping_interval: Duration) -> (FrameSender, JoinHandle<()>)
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub fn spawn_writer<S>(sink: S, ping_interval: Duration) -> (FrameSender, JoinHandle<()>)
+where
+    S: SinkExt<Message, Error = tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Error> + Unpin + Send + 'static,
+{
+    spawn_writer_with_metrics(sink, ping_interval, None)
+}
+
+/// Spawn the writer task with optional tunnel metrics instrumentation.
+pub fn spawn_writer_with_metrics<S>(
+    mut sink: S,
+    ping_interval: Duration,
+    tunnel_metrics: Option<Arc<TunnelMetrics>>,
+) -> (FrameSender, JoinHandle<()>)
 where
     S: SinkExt<Message, Error = tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Error> + Unpin + Send + 'static,
 {
@@ -93,7 +109,7 @@ where
 
         loop {
             if let Ok(frame) = high_rx.try_recv() {
-                if !write_frame(&mut sink, frame).await {
+                if !write_frame(&mut sink, frame, tunnel_metrics.as_deref()).await {
                     break;
                 }
                 continue;
@@ -107,7 +123,7 @@ where
                 frame = high_rx.recv(), if high_open => {
                     match frame {
                         Some(frame) => {
-                            if !write_frame(&mut sink, frame).await {
+                            if !write_frame(&mut sink, frame, tunnel_metrics.as_deref()).await {
                                 break;
                             }
                         }
@@ -117,6 +133,9 @@ where
                 _ = ping_ticker.tick(), if high_open || normal_open => {
                     if let Err(e) = sink.send(Message::Ping(vec![])).await {
                         error!(error = %e, "failed to send WebSocket ping");
+                        if let Some(metrics) = tunnel_metrics.as_deref() {
+                            metrics.record_error("ws_ping_error", &e.to_string());
+                        }
                         break;
                     }
                     trace!("sent WebSocket ping");
@@ -124,7 +143,7 @@ where
                 frame = normal_rx.recv(), if normal_open => {
                     match frame {
                         Some(frame) => {
-                            if !write_frame(&mut sink, frame).await {
+                            if !write_frame(&mut sink, frame, tunnel_metrics.as_deref()).await {
                                 break;
                             }
                         }
@@ -156,15 +175,22 @@ fn classify_frame_priority(frame: &Frame) -> FramePriority {
     }
 }
 
-async fn write_frame<S>(sink: &mut S, frame: Frame) -> bool
+async fn write_frame<S>(sink: &mut S, frame: Frame, tunnel_metrics: Option<&TunnelMetrics>) -> bool
 where
     S: SinkExt<Message, Error = tokio_tungstenite::tungstenite::Error> + Unpin + Send + 'static,
 {
     let data = frame.encode();
+    let wire_len = data.len().max(HEADER_SIZE);
     if let Err(e) = sink.send(Message::Binary(data.into())).await {
         error!(error = %e, "failed to write frame to WebSocket");
+        if let Some(metrics) = tunnel_metrics {
+            metrics.record_error("ws_write_error", &e.to_string());
+        }
         return false;
     }
+    if let Some(metrics) = tunnel_metrics {
+        metrics.record_ws_outgoing_frame(wire_len);
+    }
     true
 }
 

apps/aether-proxy/src/upstream_client.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::io;
-use std::net::{IpAddr, SocketAddr};
+use std::net::IpAddr;
 use std::pin::Pin;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
@@ -28,14 +28,15 @@ use hyper_util::client::legacy::Client;
 use hyper_util::rt::{TokioExecutor, TokioIo, TokioTimer};
 use rustls::pki_types::ServerName;
 use rustls::ClientConfig;
-use socket2::{SockRef, TcpKeepalive};
-use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio_rustls::TlsConnector;
 use tower_service::Service;
 
 use crate::config::Config;
-use crate::egress_proxy::{UpstreamProxyConfig, UpstreamProxyScheme};
+use crate::egress_proxy::{
+    connect_proxy_tcp, http_connect, socks5_connect, ProxyConnectOptions, UpstreamProxyConfig,
+    UpstreamProxyScheme,
+};
 use crate::target_filter::{self, DnsCache};
 
 type BoxError = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>;
@@ -263,12 +264,6 @@ pub struct InstrumentedConnector {
     tcp_keepalive: Option<Duration>,
 }
 
-struct ProxyConnectOptions {
-    connect_timeout: Duration,
-    tcp_nodelay: bool,
-    tcp_keepalive: Option<Duration>,
-}
-
 impl Service<Uri> for InstrumentedConnector {
     type Response = TimedConn;
     type Error = BoxError;
@@ -402,262 +397,6 @@ async fn connect_via_proxy(
     }
 }
 
-async fn connect_proxy_tcp(
-    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
-    connect_timeout: Duration,
-    tcp_nodelay: bool,
-    tcp_keepalive: Option<Duration>,
-) -> io::Result<TcpStream> {
-    let resolved = tokio::time::timeout(
-        connect_timeout,
-        tokio::net::lookup_host((proxy.host(), proxy.port())),
-    )
-    .await
-    .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, "proxy DNS timeout"))?
-    .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("proxy DNS failed: {err}")))?;
-
-    let mut last_error = None;
-    for addr in resolved {
-        match tokio::time::timeout(connect_timeout, TcpStream::connect(addr)).await {
-            Ok(Ok(stream)) => {
-                configure_tcp_stream(&stream, tcp_nodelay, tcp_keepalive)?;
-                return Ok(stream);
-            }
-            Ok(Err(error)) => last_error = Some(error),
-            Err(_) => {
-                last_error = Some(io::Error::new(
-                    io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
-                    format!("proxy connect timeout: {addr}"),
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    Err(last_error.unwrap_or_else(|| io::Error::other("proxy DNS returned no addresses")))
-}
-
-fn configure_tcp_stream(
-    stream: &TcpStream,
-    tcp_nodelay: bool,
-    tcp_keepalive: Option<Duration>,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    stream.set_nodelay(tcp_nodelay)?;
-    if let Some(keepalive) = tcp_keepalive {
-        let keepalive = TcpKeepalive::new().with_time(keepalive);
-        SockRef::from(stream).set_tcp_keepalive(&keepalive)?;
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn http_connect(
-    stream: &mut TcpStream,
-    target_authority: &str,
-    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let mut request = format!(
-        "CONNECT {target_authority} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {target_authority}\r\nProxy-Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n"
-    );
-    if let Some(auth) = proxy.basic_auth_header() {
-        request.push_str("Proxy-Authorization: ");
-        request.push_str(&auth);
-        request.push_str("\r\n");
-    }
-    request.push_str("\r\n");
-    stream.write_all(request.as_bytes()).await?;
-    stream.flush().await?;
-
-    let mut response = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
-    let mut chunk = [0u8; 1024];
-    loop {
-        if response.len() >= 16 * 1024 {
-            return Err(io::Error::other("proxy CONNECT response too large"));
-        }
-        let n = stream.read(&mut chunk).await?;
-        if n == 0 {
-            return Err(io::Error::new(
-                io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
-                "proxy closed during CONNECT",
-            ));
-        }
-        response.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..n]);
-        if response.windows(4).any(|window| window == b"\r\n\r\n") {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    let status_line_end = response
-        .windows(2)
-        .position(|window| window == b"\r\n")
-        .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("proxy CONNECT response missing status line"))?;
-    let status_line = std::str::from_utf8(&response[..status_line_end])
-        .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("proxy CONNECT status line is not UTF-8"))?;
-    let status = status_line.split_whitespace().nth(1).unwrap_or_default();
-    if status == "200" {
-        Ok(())
-    } else {
-        Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "proxy CONNECT failed: {status_line}"
-        )))
-    }
-}
-
-async fn socks5_connect(
-    stream: &mut TcpStream,
-    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
-    target_host: &str,
-    target_port: u16,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let requires_auth = proxy.username().is_some();
-    if requires_auth {
-        stream.write_all(&[0x05, 0x02, 0x00, 0x02]).await?;
-    } else {
-        stream.write_all(&[0x05, 0x01, 0x00]).await?;
-    }
-
-    let mut method_response = [0u8; 2];
-    stream.read_exact(&mut method_response).await?;
-    if method_response[0] != 0x05 {
-        return Err(io::Error::other("invalid SOCKS5 method response"));
-    }
-    match method_response[1] {
-        0x00 => {}
-        0x02 => socks5_authenticate(stream, proxy).await?,
-        0xff => return Err(io::Error::other("SOCKS5 proxy rejected all auth methods")),
-        method => {
-            return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-                "SOCKS5 proxy selected unsupported auth method 0x{method:02x}"
-            )))
-        }
-    }
-
-    let address = socks5_target_address(target_host, target_port, proxy.uses_remote_dns()).await?;
-    stream.write_all(&address).await?;
-
-    let mut response = [0u8; 4];
-    stream.read_exact(&mut response).await?;
-    if response[0] != 0x05 {
-        return Err(io::Error::other("invalid SOCKS5 connect response"));
-    }
-    if response[1] != 0x00 {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-            "SOCKS5 connect failed: {}",
-            socks5_reply_message(response[1])
-        )));
-    }
-
-    match response[3] {
-        0x01 => {
-            let mut ignored = [0u8; 4 + 2];
-            stream.read_exact(&mut ignored).await?;
-        }
-        0x03 => {
-            let mut len = [0u8; 1];
-            stream.read_exact(&mut len).await?;
-            let mut ignored = vec![0u8; len[0] as usize + 2];
-            stream.read_exact(&mut ignored).await?;
-        }
-        0x04 => {
-            let mut ignored = [0u8; 16 + 2];
-            stream.read_exact(&mut ignored).await?;
-        }
-        atyp => {
-            return Err(io::Error::other(format!(
-                "SOCKS5 proxy returned unsupported address type 0x{atyp:02x}"
-            )))
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn socks5_authenticate(
-    stream: &mut TcpStream,
-    proxy: &UpstreamProxyConfig,
-) -> io::Result<()> {
-    let username = proxy.username().unwrap_or_default().as_bytes();
-    let password = proxy.password().unwrap_or_default().as_bytes();
-    if username.len() > u8::MAX as usize || password.len() > u8::MAX as usize {
-        return Err(io::Error::other(
-            "SOCKS5 username/password must be at most 255 bytes",
-        ));
-    }
-
-    let mut request = Vec::with_capacity(username.len() + password.len() + 3);
-    request.push(0x01);
-    request.push(username.len() as u8);
-    request.extend_from_slice(username);
-    request.push(password.len() as u8);
-    request.extend_from_slice(password);
-    stream.write_all(&request).await?;
-
-    let mut response = [0u8; 2];
-    stream.read_exact(&mut response).await?;
-    if response[0] != 0x01 || response[1] != 0x00 {
-        return Err(io::Error::other("SOCKS5 username/password auth failed"));
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn socks5_target_address(
-    target_host: &str,
-    target_port: u16,
-    remote_dns: bool,
-) -> io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let mut request = vec![0x05, 0x01, 0x00];
-    if let Ok(ip) = target_host.parse::<IpAddr>() {
-        push_socks5_ip_address(&mut request, ip);
-    } else if remote_dns {
-        let host = target_host.as_bytes();
-        if host.len() > u8::MAX as usize {
-            return Err(io::Error::other("SOCKS5 target hostname is too long"));
-        }
-        request.push(0x03);
-        request.push(host.len() as u8);
-        request.extend_from_slice(host);
-    } else {
-        let mut resolved = tokio::net::lookup_host((target_host, target_port))
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| io::Error::other(format!("SOCKS5 target DNS failed: {err}")))?;
-        let addr = resolved
-            .next()
-            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("SOCKS5 target DNS returned no addresses"))?;
-        push_socks5_socket_address(&mut request, addr);
-    }
-    request.extend_from_slice(&target_port.to_be_bytes());
-    Ok(request)
-}
-
-fn push_socks5_socket_address(request: &mut Vec<u8>, addr: SocketAddr) {
-    push_socks5_ip_address(request, addr.ip());
-}
-
-fn push_socks5_ip_address(request: &mut Vec<u8>, ip: IpAddr) {
-    match ip {
-        IpAddr::V4(ip) => {
-            request.push(0x01);
-            request.extend_from_slice(&ip.octets());
-        }
-        IpAddr::V6(ip) => {
-            request.push(0x04);
-            request.extend_from_slice(&ip.octets());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn socks5_reply_message(reply: u8) -> &'static str {
-    match reply {
-        0x01 => "general failure",
-        0x02 => "connection not allowed",
-        0x03 => "network unreachable",
-        0x04 => "host unreachable",
-        0x05 => "connection refused",
-        0x06 => "TTL expired",
-        0x07 => "command not supported",
-        0x08 => "address type not supported",
-        _ => "unknown error",
-    }
-}
-
 fn uri_host(uri: &Uri) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
     uri.host()
         .map(|host| {
@@ -934,8 +673,11 @@ mod tests {
     use clap::Parser;
     use http_body_util::BodyExt;
     use hyper::Response;
+    use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
     use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 
+    use crate::egress_proxy::socks5_target_address;
+
     #[test]
     fn fresh_connection_uses_connector_breakdown() {
         let mut response = Response::new(());