Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main'

# Conflicts: # apps/aether-gateway/src/handlers/admin/provider/endpoints_admin/payloads.rs # apps/aether-gateway/src/handlers/admin/provider/endpoints_admin/reads.rs # apps/aether-gateway/src/handlers/admin/provider/endpoints_admin/update.rs # apps/aether-gateway/src/tests/control/admin/endpoints/routes.rs # frontend/src/features/models/components/GlobalModelFormDialog.vue # frontend/src/features/providers/components/ProviderModelFormDialog.vue # frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/__tests__/model-test-request.spec.ts # frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/model-test-request.ts
2026-09-01 17:00:21 +08:00 · 2026-05-18 22:02:31 +08:00
parent 2de0cbbafc d51b44d642
commit 995ab302be
102 changed files with 14682 additions and 2875 deletions
--- a/frontend/src/api/tests/usage-contract.spec.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/tests/usage-contract.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const { getMock, cachedRequestMock, dedupedRequestMock, buildCacheKeyMock } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  getMock: vi.fn(),
+  cachedRequestMock: vi.fn(async (_key: string, fn: () => Promise<unknown>) => fn()),
+  dedupedRequestMock: vi.fn(async (_key: string, fn: () => Promise<unknown>) => fn()),
+  buildCacheKeyMock: vi.fn(() => 'cache-key'),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/api/client', () => ({
+  default: {
+    get: getMock,
+  },
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/utils/cache', () => ({
+  cachedRequest: cachedRequestMock,
+  dedupedRequest: dedupedRequestMock,
+  buildCacheKey: buildCacheKeyMock,
+}))
+
+import { usageApi } from '@/api/usage'
+
+describe('usageApi contract alignment', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    getMock.mockReset()
+    cachedRequestMock.mockClear()
+    dedupedRequestMock.mockClear()
+    buildCacheKeyMock.mockClear()
+  })
+
+  it('loads current-user usage records from the Rust usage endpoint and normalizes pagination', async () => {
+    getMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({
+      data: {
+        records: [{ id: 'record-1' }],
+        pagination: {
+          total: 42,
+          limit: 10,
+          offset: 10,
+          has_more: true,
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    const result = await usageApi.getUsageRecords({
+      page: 2,
+      page_size: 10,
+      start_date: '2026-05-01',
+      end_date: '2026-05-16',
+    })
+
+    expect(getMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/api/users/me/usage', {
+      params: {
+        limit: 10,
+        offset: 10,
+        start_date: '2026-05-01',
+        end_date: '2026-05-16',
+      },
+    })
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      records: [{ id: 'record-1' }],
+      total: 42,
+      page: 2,
+      page_size: 10,
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('loads admin usage for a specific user from admin usage endpoints', async () => {
+    getMock
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        data: {
+          total_requests: 7,
+          total_tokens: 99,
+          total_cost: 12.34,
+          avg_response_time: 456,
+        },
+      })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({
+        data: {
+          records: [{ id: 'record-2' }],
+          total: 1,
+          limit: 25,
+          offset: 0,
+        },
+      })
+
+    const result = await usageApi.getUserUsage('user-123', {
+      page: 1,
+      page_size: 25,
+      model: 'gpt-5.5',
+    })
+
+    expect(getMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(1, '/api/admin/usage/stats', {
+      params: {
+        user_id: 'user-123',
+        model: 'gpt-5.5',
+      },
+    })
+    expect(getMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(2, '/api/admin/usage/records', {
+      params: {
+        user_id: 'user-123',
+        limit: 25,
+        offset: 0,
+        model: 'gpt-5.5',
+      },
+    })
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      records: [{ id: 'record-2' }],
+      stats: {
+        total_requests: 7,
+        total_tokens: 99,
+        total_cost: 12.34,
+        avg_response_time: 456,
+      },
+    })
+  })
+})
--- a/frontend/src/api/dashboard.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/dashboard.ts
@@ -142,6 +142,17 @@ export interface RequestErrorFlow {
  summary_source?: string | null
 }

+export interface RequestSchedulingFailure {
+  source?: string | null
+  reason?: string | null
+  reason_label?: string | null
+  title?: string | null
+  message?: string | null
+  reason_summary?: string | null
+  status_code?: number | null
+  no_upstream_attempt?: boolean | null
+}
+
 export interface RequestDetail {
  id: string // UUID
  request_id: string
@@ -207,6 +218,7 @@ export interface RequestDetail {
  failure_summary?: RequestErrorDomain | null
  errors?: RequestErrorDomains | null
  error_flow?: RequestErrorFlow | null
+  scheduling_failure?: RequestSchedulingFailure | null
  response_time_ms: number
  first_byte_time_ms?: number | null
  created_at: string
@@ -367,7 +379,7 @@ export interface TimeRangeParams {
 export const dashboardApi = {
  // 获取仪表盘统计数据
  async getStats(params?: TimeRangeParams): Promise<DashboardStatsResponse> {
-    const cacheKey = buildCacheKey('dashboard:stats', params)
+    const cacheKey = buildCacheKey('dashboard:stats', params as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)
    return cachedRequest(
      cacheKey,
      async () => {
@@ -428,7 +440,7 @@ export const dashboardApi = {

  // 获取每日统计数据
  async getDailyStats(params?: TimeRangeParams & { days?: number }): Promise<DailyStatsResponse> {
-    const cacheKey = buildCacheKey('dashboard:daily-stats', params)
+    const cacheKey = buildCacheKey('dashboard:daily-stats', params as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)
    return cachedRequest(
      cacheKey,
      async () => {
--- a/frontend/src/api/endpoints/types/model.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/endpoints/types/model.ts
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ export interface Model {
  global_model_display_name?: string
  // 有效配置（合并 Model 和 GlobalModel 的 config）
  effective_config?: Record<string, unknown> | null
+  model_test_capabilities?: ModelTestCapabilities | null
 }

 export interface ModelCreate {
@@ -113,6 +114,17 @@ export interface ModelCapabilities {
  [key: string]: boolean
 }

+export interface OpenAiImageModelTestCapability {
+  max_generation_count?: number | null
+  supports_generation?: boolean | null
+  supports_edit?: boolean | null
+}
+
+export interface ModelTestCapabilities {
+  'openai:image'?: OpenAiImageModelTestCapability | null
+  [apiFormat: string]: OpenAiImageModelTestCapability | Record<string, unknown> | null | undefined
+}
+
 export interface ProviderModelPriceInfo {
  input_price_per_1m?: number | null
  output_price_per_1m?: number | null
@@ -259,6 +271,7 @@ export interface UpstreamModel {
  owned_by?: string
  display_name?: string
  api_formats: string[]  // 该模型支持的所有 API 格式（后端保证返回数组）
+  model_test_capabilities?: ModelTestCapabilities | null
 }

 /**
--- a/frontend/src/api/usage.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/api/usage.ts
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ export interface UsageFilters {
  user_id?: string // UUID
  provider_id?: string // UUID
  model?: string
+  search?: string
  start_date?: string
  end_date?: string
  preset?: string
@@ -110,6 +111,172 @@ export interface UsageFilters {
  page_size?: number
 }

+type UsageListResponse = {
+  records?: unknown
+  pagination?: {
+    total?: unknown
+    limit?: unknown
+    offset?: unknown
+  }
+  total?: unknown
+  limit?: unknown
+  offset?: unknown
+}
+
+function assertPositiveInteger(value: number, field: string): number {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 1) {
+    throw new Error(`${field} must be a positive integer`)
+  }
+  return value
+}
+
+function assertNonNegativeInteger(value: number, field: string): number {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 0) {
+    throw new Error(`${field} must be a non-negative integer`)
+  }
+  return value
+}
+
+function assertNumber(value: unknown, field: string): number {
+  if (typeof value !== 'number' || Number.isNaN(value)) {
+    throw new Error(`Usage response is missing numeric ${field}`)
+  }
+  return value
+}
+
+function assertUsageRecords(value: unknown): UsageRecord[] {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) {
+    throw new Error('Usage response is missing records array')
+  }
+  return value as UsageRecord[]
+}
+
+function compactParams(params: Record<string, unknown>): Record<string, unknown> {
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(params).filter(([, value]) => value !== undefined && value !== null && value !== '')
+  )
+}
+
+function offsetPaginationFromPage(filters?: Pick<UsageFilters, 'page' | 'page_size'>): {
+  page: number
+  pageSize: number | undefined
+  offset: number | undefined
+} {
+  const page = assertPositiveInteger(filters?.page ?? 1, 'page')
+  if (filters?.page_size === undefined) {
+    return { page, pageSize: undefined, offset: undefined }
+  }
+
+  const pageSize = assertPositiveInteger(filters.page_size, 'page_size')
+  return {
+    page,
+    pageSize,
+    offset: assertNonNegativeInteger((page - 1) * pageSize, 'offset'),
+  }
+}
+
+function normalizeUsageRecordPage(
+  payload: UsageListResponse,
+  requested: { page: number; pageSize?: number; offset?: number }
+): {
+  records: UsageRecord[]
+  total: number
+  page: number
+  page_size: number
+} {
+  const records = assertUsageRecords(payload.records)
+  const pagination = payload.pagination
+  const total = assertNumber(pagination?.total ?? payload.total, 'pagination.total')
+  const limit = assertPositiveInteger(
+    assertNumber(pagination?.limit ?? payload.limit, 'pagination.limit'),
+    'pagination.limit'
+  )
+  const offset = assertNonNegativeInteger(
+    assertNumber(pagination?.offset ?? payload.offset, 'pagination.offset'),
+    'pagination.offset'
+  )
+  const resolvedPage = requested.pageSize !== undefined
+    ? requested.page
+    : Math.floor(offset / limit) + 1
+
+  return {
+    records,
+    total,
+    page: resolvedPage,
+    page_size: limit,
+  }
+}
+
+function buildCurrentUserUsageParams(filters?: UsageFilters): {
+  params: Record<string, unknown>
+  pagination: { page: number; pageSize?: number; offset?: number }
+} {
+  if (filters?.user_id || filters?.provider_id || filters?.model || filters?.granularity) {
+    throw new Error('getUsageRecords only supports current-user usage filters; use admin usage APIs for user/model/provider filters')
+  }
+
+  const pagination = offsetPaginationFromPage(filters)
+  return {
+    pagination,
+    params: compactParams({
+      start_date: filters?.start_date,
+      end_date: filters?.end_date,
+      preset: filters?.preset,
+      timezone: filters?.timezone,
+      tz_offset_minutes: filters?.tz_offset_minutes,
+      search: filters?.search,
+      limit: pagination.pageSize,
+      offset: pagination.offset,
+    }),
+  }
+}
+
+function buildAdminUsageRecordParams(userId: string, filters?: UsageFilters): {
+  params: Record<string, unknown>
+} {
+  if (!userId.trim()) {
+    throw new Error('getUserUsage requires a non-empty user id')
+  }
+  if (filters?.provider_id || filters?.granularity) {
+    throw new Error('getUserUsage does not support provider_id or granularity filters')
+  }
+
+  const pagination = offsetPaginationFromPage(filters)
+  return {
+    params: compactParams({
+      user_id: userId,
+      start_date: filters?.start_date,
+      end_date: filters?.end_date,
+      preset: filters?.preset,
+      timezone: filters?.timezone,
+      tz_offset_minutes: filters?.tz_offset_minutes,
+      search: filters?.search,
+      model: filters?.model,
+      limit: pagination.pageSize,
+      offset: pagination.offset,
+    }),
+  }
+}
+
+function buildAdminUsageStatsParams(userId: string, filters?: UsageFilters): Record<string, unknown> {
+  if (!userId.trim()) {
+    throw new Error('getUserUsage requires a non-empty user id')
+  }
+  if (filters?.provider_id || filters?.granularity) {
+    throw new Error('getUserUsage stats does not support provider_id or granularity filters')
+  }
+
+  return compactParams({
+    user_id: userId,
+    start_date: filters?.start_date,
+    end_date: filters?.end_date,
+    preset: filters?.preset,
+    timezone: filters?.timezone,
+    tz_offset_minutes: filters?.tz_offset_minutes,
+    model: filters?.model,
+  })
+}
+
 function normalizeActivityHeatmapResponse(payload: unknown): ActivityHeatmap {
  const today = new Date()
  const endDate = today.toISOString().slice(0, 10)
@@ -184,8 +351,9 @@ export const usageApi = {
    page: number
    page_size: number
  }> {
-    const response = await apiClient.get('/api/usage', { params: filters })
-    return response.data
+    const { params, pagination } = buildCurrentUserUsageParams(filters)
+    const response = await apiClient.get<UsageListResponse>('/api/users/me/usage', { params })
+    return normalizeUsageRecordPage(response.data, pagination)
  },

  async getUsageStats(filters?: UsageFilters): Promise<UsageStats> {
@@ -244,16 +412,17 @@ export const usageApi = {
    records: UsageRecord[]
    stats: UsageStats
  }> {
-    const response = await apiClient.get(`/api/users/${userId}/usage`, { params: filters })
-    return response.data
-  },
+    const statsParams = buildAdminUsageStatsParams(userId, filters)
+    const { params: recordParams } = buildAdminUsageRecordParams(userId, filters)
+    const [statsResponse, recordsResponse] = await Promise.all([
+      apiClient.get<UsageStats>('/api/admin/usage/stats', { params: statsParams }),
+      apiClient.get<UsageListResponse>('/api/admin/usage/records', { params: recordParams }),
+    ])

-  async exportUsage(format: 'csv' | 'json', filters?: UsageFilters): Promise<Blob> {
-    const response = await apiClient.get('/api/usage/export', {
-      params: { ...filters, format },
-      responseType: 'blob'
-    })
-    return response.data
+    return {
+      records: assertUsageRecords(recordsResponse.data.records),
+      stats: statsResponse.data,
+    }
  },

  async getAllUsageRecords(params?: {
--- a/frontend/src/features/auth/components/LoginDialog.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/auth/components/LoginDialog.vue
@@ -131,13 +131,19 @@

      <!-- 登录表单 -->
      <form
+        ref="loginFormEl"
+        name="login"
+        action="/api/auth/login"
+        method="post"
        class="space-y-4"
+        autocomplete="on"
+        data-form-type="login"
        @submit.prevent="handleLogin"
      >
        <div class="space-y-1.5">
          <div class="flex items-center justify-between">
            <Label
-              for="login-email"
+              for="username"
              class="text-sm"
            >
              {{ emailLabel }}
@@ -160,29 +166,35 @@
            </button>
          </div>
          <Input
-            id="login-email"
+            id="username"
            v-model="form.email"
            type="text"
+            name="username"
            required
            placeholder="用户名或邮箱"
-            autocomplete="off"
+            autocomplete="username"
+            autocapitalize="none"
+            spellcheck="false"
+            :disable-autofill="false"
          />
        </div>

        <div class="space-y-1.5">
          <Label
-            for="login-password"
+            for="password"
            class="text-sm"
          >
            密码
          </Label>
          <Input
-            id="login-password"
+            id="password"
            v-model="form.password"
            type="password"
+            name="password"
            required
            placeholder="输入密码"
-            autocomplete="off"
+            autocomplete="current-password"
+            :disable-autofill="false"
          />
        </div>

@@ -288,6 +300,7 @@ const ldapEnabled = ref(false)
 const ldapExclusive = ref(false)

 const oauthProviders = ref<OAuthProviderInfo[]>([])
+const loginFormEl = ref<HTMLFormElement | null>(null)

 // 保存用户的认证类型偏好
 watch(authType, (newType) => {
@@ -328,30 +341,69 @@ function fillDemoAccount(type: 'admin' | 'user') {
  form.value.password = account.password
 }

-async function handleLogin() {
-  if (!form.value.email || !form.value.password) {
+async function handleLogin(event?: Event) {
+  const { email, password } = readCurrentLoginCredentials(event)
+
+  if (!email || !password) {
    showWarning('请输入邮箱和密码')
    return
  }

-  const success = await authStore.login(form.value.email, form.value.password, authType.value)
+  const success = await authStore.login(email, password, authType.value)
  if (success) {
+    const targetPath = consumeStoredRedirectPath() ?? (authStore.canAccessAdmin ? '/admin/dashboard' : '/dashboard')
+
+    try {
+      const navigationFailure = await router.push(targetPath)
+      if (navigationFailure) {
+        throw navigationFailure
+      }
+    } catch {
+      showError('登录成功，但跳转失败，请刷新页面或手动进入控制台')
+      return
+    }
+
    showSuccess('登录成功，正在跳转...')

    // 关闭对话框
    isOpen.value = false
-
-    // 延迟一下让用户看到成功消息
-    setTimeout(() => {
-      // 根据用户角色跳转到不同的仪表盘
-      const targetPath = authStore.canAccessAdmin ? '/admin/dashboard' : '/dashboard'
-      router.push(targetPath)
-    }, 1000)
  } else {
    showError(authStore.error || '登录失败，请检查邮箱和密码')
  }
 }

+function readCurrentLoginCredentials(event?: Event): { email: string; password: string } {
+  const formElement = event?.currentTarget instanceof HTMLFormElement
+    ? event.currentTarget
+    : loginFormEl.value
+
+  const emailInput = formElement?.elements.namedItem('username')
+  const passwordInput = formElement?.elements.namedItem('password')
+
+  const email = emailInput instanceof HTMLInputElement
+    ? emailInput.value.trim()
+    : form.value.email.trim()
+  const password = passwordInput instanceof HTMLInputElement
+    ? passwordInput.value
+    : form.value.password
+
+  form.value.email = email
+  form.value.password = password
+
+  return { email, password }
+}
+
+function consumeStoredRedirectPath(): string | null {
+  const redirectPath = sessionStorage.getItem('redirectPath')
+  if (redirectPath) {
+    sessionStorage.removeItem('redirectPath')
+  }
+  if (!redirectPath || redirectPath === '/' || !redirectPath.startsWith('/') || redirectPath.startsWith('//')) {
+    return null
+  }
+  return redirectPath
+}
+
 function handleOAuthLogin(providerType: string) {
  // 如果 sessionStorage 中没有 redirectPath（用户直接点击登录而非被守卫拦截），
  // 则不设置，让 AuthCallback 使用默认跳转逻辑
--- a/frontend/src/features/auth/components/tests/LoginDialog.spec.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/auth/components/tests/LoginDialog.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { createApp, defineComponent, h, nextTick, type App } from 'vue'
+
+import LoginDialog from '../LoginDialog.vue'
+
+const authStoreMock = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  loading: false,
+  error: '',
+  canAccessAdmin: false,
+  login: vi.fn(),
+}))
+
+const routerPushMock = vi.hoisted(() => vi.fn())
+const toastMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  success: vi.fn(),
+  warning: vi.fn(),
+  error: vi.fn(),
+}))
+
+const authApiMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  getRegistrationSettings: vi.fn(),
+  getAuthSettings: vi.fn(),
+}))
+
+const oauthApiMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  getProviders: vi.fn(),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('vue-router', () => ({
+  useRouter: () => ({
+    push: routerPushMock,
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/stores/auth', () => ({
+  useAuthStore: () => authStoreMock,
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/composables/useToast', () => ({
+  useToast: () => toastMocks,
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/composables/useSiteInfo', () => ({
+  useSiteInfo: () => ({
+    siteName: 'Aether',
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/config/demo', () => ({
+  isDemoMode: () => false,
+  DEMO_ACCOUNTS: {
+    admin: { email: 'admin@demo.aether.io', password: 'demo123' },
+    user: { email: 'user@demo.aether.io', password: 'demo123' },
+  },
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/api/auth', () => ({
+  authApi: authApiMocks,
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/api/oauth', () => ({
+  oauthApi: oauthApiMocks,
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/utils/deviceId', () => ({
+  getClientDeviceId: () => 'device-123',
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/utils/url', () => ({
+  getApiUrl: (path: string) => path,
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/utils/oauth-icons', () => ({
+  getOAuthIcon: () => '',
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../RegisterDialog.vue', () => ({
+  default: defineComponent({
+    name: 'RegisterDialogStub',
+    setup() {
+      return () => null
+    },
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/components/ui', async () => {
+  const { defineComponent, h } = await import('vue')
+  return {
+    Dialog: defineComponent({
+      name: 'DialogStub',
+      props: {
+        modelValue: { type: Boolean, default: false },
+      },
+      emits: ['update:modelValue'],
+      setup(props, { slots }) {
+        return () => props.modelValue ? h('div', { 'data-testid': 'dialog' }, slots.default?.()) : null
+      },
+    }),
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/components/ui/button.vue', async () => {
+  const { defineComponent, h } = await import('vue')
+  return {
+    default: defineComponent({
+      name: 'ButtonStub',
+      props: {
+        disabled: { type: Boolean, default: false },
+        type: { type: String, default: 'button' },
+      },
+      setup(props, { attrs, slots }) {
+        return () => h('button', {
+          ...attrs,
+          type: props.type,
+          disabled: props.disabled,
+        }, slots.default?.())
+      },
+    }),
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@/components/ui/label.vue', async () => {
+  const { defineComponent, h } = await import('vue')
+  return {
+    default: defineComponent({
+      name: 'LabelStub',
+      setup(_props, { attrs, slots }) {
+        return () => h('label', attrs, slots.default?.())
+      },
+    }),
+  }
+})
+
+const mountedApps: Array<{ app: App, root: HTMLElement }> = []
+
+function mountLoginDialog() {
+  const root = document.createElement('div')
+  document.body.appendChild(root)
+  const app = createApp(LoginDialog, {
+    modelValue: true,
+    'onUpdate:modelValue': vi.fn(),
+  })
+  app.mount(root)
+  mountedApps.push({ app, root })
+  return root
+}
+
+async function settle() {
+  for (let index = 0; index < 4; index += 1) {
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    await nextTick()
+  }
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  authStoreMock.loading = false
+  authStoreMock.error = ''
+  authStoreMock.canAccessAdmin = false
+  authStoreMock.login.mockReset()
+  routerPushMock.mockReset()
+  toastMocks.success.mockReset()
+  toastMocks.warning.mockReset()
+  toastMocks.error.mockReset()
+  authApiMocks.getRegistrationSettings.mockResolvedValue({
+    enable_registration: false,
+    require_email_verification: false,
+    email_configured: true,
+    password_policy_level: 'weak',
+    turnstile_enabled: false,
+    turnstile_site_key: null,
+  })
+  authApiMocks.getAuthSettings.mockResolvedValue({
+    local_enabled: true,
+    ldap_enabled: false,
+    ldap_exclusive: false,
+  })
+  oauthApiMocks.getProviders.mockResolvedValue([])
+  sessionStorage.clear()
+  localStorage.clear()
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  for (const { app, root } of mountedApps.splice(0)) {
+    app.unmount()
+    root.remove()
+  }
+  document.body.innerHTML = ''
+  sessionStorage.clear()
+  localStorage.clear()
+})
+
+describe('LoginDialog password manager contract', () => {
+  it('exposes standard login form and field autocomplete metadata', async () => {
+    const root = mountLoginDialog()
+    await settle()
+
+    const form = root.querySelector('form')
+    expect(form?.getAttribute('name')).toBe('login')
+    expect(form?.getAttribute('action')).toBe('/api/auth/login')
+    expect(form?.getAttribute('method')).toBe('post')
+    expect(form?.getAttribute('autocomplete')).toBe('on')
+    expect(form?.getAttribute('data-form-type')).toBe('login')
+
+    const username = root.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input[name="username"]')
+    const password = root.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input[name="password"]')
+
+    expect(username?.id).toBe('username')
+    expect(username?.getAttribute('autocomplete')).toBe('username')
+    expect(username?.getAttribute('autocapitalize')).toBe('none')
+    expect(username?.getAttribute('spellcheck')).toBe('false')
+    expect(password?.id).toBe('password')
+    expect(password?.type).toBe('password')
+    expect(password?.getAttribute('autocomplete')).toBe('current-password')
+  })
+
+  it('submits DOM-filled credentials and awaits router navigation without timer delay', async () => {
+    authStoreMock.login.mockResolvedValue(true)
+    routerPushMock.mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    sessionStorage.setItem('redirectPath', '/admin/dashboard')
+    const root = mountLoginDialog()
+    await settle()
+
+    const form = root.querySelector('form')
+    const username = root.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input[name="username"]')
+    const password = root.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input[name="password"]')
+    expect(form).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(username).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(password).not.toBeNull()
+
+    username!.value = ' admin@example.com '
+    password!.value = 'secret-from-manager'
+    form!.dispatchEvent(new Event('submit', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true }))
+    await settle()
+
+    expect(authStoreMock.login).toHaveBeenCalledWith('admin@example.com', 'secret-from-manager', 'local')
+    expect(routerPushMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('/admin/dashboard')
+    expect(sessionStorage.getItem('redirectPath')).toBeNull()
+    expect(toastMocks.success).toHaveBeenCalledWith('登录成功，正在跳转...')
+  })
+})
--- a/frontend/src/features/models/components/GlobalModelFormDialog.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/models/components/GlobalModelFormDialog.vue
@@ -16,6 +16,27 @@
        v-if="!isEditMode"
        class="w-[260px] shrink-0 flex flex-col h-full"
      >
+        <!-- 手动添加入口 -->
+        <button
+          type="button"
+          class="mb-3 w-full rounded-lg border px-3 py-2 text-left transition-colors"
+          :class="manualModelMode
+            ? 'border-primary bg-primary/10 text-primary'
+            : 'border-border/60 bg-muted/20 hover:bg-muted/40'"
+          @click="enableManualModelMode"
+        >
+          <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+            <span class="text-sm font-medium">手动添加模型</span>
+            <Plus class="h-4 w-4 shrink-0" />
+          </div>
+          <p
+            class="mt-1 text-xs"
+            :class="manualModelMode ? 'text-primary/80' : 'text-muted-foreground'"
+          >
+            无法联网获取目录时，直接填写模型 ID 继续创建。
+          </p>
+        </button>
+
        <!-- 搜索框 -->
        <div class="relative mb-3">
          <Search class="absolute left-2.5 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 h-4 w-4 text-muted-foreground" />
@@ -88,7 +109,7 @@
              v-if="groupedModels.length === 0"
              class="text-center py-8 text-sm text-muted-foreground"
            >
-              {{ searchQuery ? '未找到模型' : '加载中...' }}
+              {{ emptyModelListText }}
            </div>
          </template>
        </div>
@@ -108,6 +129,12 @@
            <h4 class="font-medium text-sm">
              基本信息
            </h4>
+            <div
+              v-if="manualModelMode && !isEditMode"
+              class="rounded-lg border border-primary/30 bg-primary/5 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground"
+            >
+              当前为手动添加模式。填写模型 ID、名称和价格后即可离线创建统一模型；稍后可在模型详情中关联 Provider。
+            </div>
            <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
              <div class="space-y-1.5">
                <Label
@@ -359,7 +386,7 @@
        {{ isEditMode ? '保存' : '添加' }}
      </Button>
      <Button
-        v-if="selectedModel && !isEditMode"
+        v-if="(selectedModel || manualModelMode) && !isEditMode"
        type="button"
        variant="ghost"
        @click="clearSelection"
@@ -398,6 +425,7 @@ import {
  EMBEDDING_API_FORMATS,
  buildGlobalModelCreatePayload,
  buildGlobalModelUpdatePayload,
+  getModelDirectoryEmptyText,
 } from './global-model-form-helpers'

 const props = defineProps<{
@@ -420,6 +448,8 @@ const searchQuery = ref('')
 const allModelsCache = ref<ModelsDevModelItem[]>([]) // 全部模型（缓存）
 const selectedModel = ref<ModelsDevModelItem | null>(null)
 const expandedProvider = ref<string | null>(null)
+const manualModelMode = ref(false)
+const modelListLoadFailed = ref(false)

 // 当前显示的模型列表：有搜索词时用全部，否则只用官方
 const allModels = computed(() => {
@@ -482,6 +512,14 @@ const groupedModels = computed(() => {
  return result
 })

+const emptyModelListText = computed(() => {
+  return getModelDirectoryEmptyText({
+    searchQuery: searchQuery.value,
+    manualModelMode: manualModelMode.value,
+    modelListLoadFailed: modelListLoadFailed.value,
+  })
+})
+
 // 搜索时如果只有一个提供商，自动展开
 watch(groupedModels, (groups) => {
  if (searchQuery.value && groups.length === 1) {
@@ -494,6 +532,16 @@ function toggleProvider(providerId: string) {
  expandedProvider.value = expandedProvider.value === providerId ? null : providerId
 }

+function enableManualModelMode() {
+  manualModelMode.value = true
+  selectedModel.value = null
+  expandedProvider.value = null
+  searchQuery.value = ''
+  if (!form.value.name && !form.value.display_name) {
+    form.value = defaultForm()
+  }
+}
+
 // 阶梯计费配置
 const tieredPricing = ref<TieredPricingConfig | null>(null)

@@ -754,11 +802,15 @@ function fillVideoResolutionPricePreset(preset: 'common' | 'sora' | 'veo') {
 async function loadModels() {
  if (allModelsCache.value.length > 0) return
  loading.value = true
+  modelListLoadFailed.value = false
  try {
    // 只加载一次全部模型，过滤在 computed 中完成
    allModelsCache.value = await getModelsDevList(false)
  } catch (err) {
    log.error('Failed to load models:', err)
+    modelListLoadFailed.value = true
+    enableManualModelMode()
+    showError('模型目录加载失败，已切换到手动添加模式，可离线继续创建')
  } finally {
    loading.value = false
  }
@@ -774,6 +826,7 @@ watch(() => props.open, (isOpen) => {
 // 选择模型并填充表单
 function selectModel(model: ModelsDevModelItem) {
  imageGenerationExplicitOverride.value = null
+  manualModelMode.value = false
  selectedModel.value = model
  expandedProvider.value = model.providerId
  form.value.name = model.modelId
@@ -823,6 +876,7 @@ function selectModel(model: ModelsDevModelItem) {
 // 清除选择（手动填写）
 function clearSelection() {
  imageGenerationExplicitOverride.value = null
+  manualModelMode.value = false
  selectedModel.value = null
  form.value = defaultForm()
  tieredPricing.value = null
@@ -843,6 +897,8 @@ function resetForm() {
  searchQuery.value = ''
  selectedModel.value = null
  expandedProvider.value = null
+  manualModelMode.value = false
+  modelListLoadFailed.value = false
 }

 // 加载模型数据（编辑模式）
@@ -885,6 +941,14 @@ const { isEditMode, handleDialogUpdate, handleCancel } = useFormDialog({
  resetForm,
 })

+watch(() => form.value.name, (name) => {
+  if (!manualModelMode.value || isEditMode.value) return
+  const modelName = name.trim()
+  if (modelName && !form.value.display_name.trim()) {
+    form.value.display_name = modelName
+  }
+})
+
 async function handleSubmit() {
  if (!form.value.name || !form.value.display_name) {
    showError('请填写模型ID和名称')
--- a/frontend/src/features/models/components/tests/global-model-form-helpers.spec.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/models/components/tests/global-model-form-helpers.spec.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
  EMBEDDING_API_FORMATS,
  buildGlobalModelCreatePayload,
  buildGlobalModelUpdatePayload,
+  getModelDirectoryEmptyText,
 } from '../global-model-form-helpers'

 const embeddingPricing = {
@@ -59,4 +60,26 @@ describe('global model form embedding payload helpers', () => {
      api_formats: ['jina:embedding'],
    })
  })
+
+  it('surfaces manual-add guidance when the online model directory is unavailable', () => {
+    expect(getModelDirectoryEmptyText({
+      searchQuery: '',
+      manualModelMode: false,
+      modelListLoadFailed: true,
+    })).toBe('模型目录加载失败，请使用手动添加继续创建')
+
+    expect(getModelDirectoryEmptyText({
+      searchQuery: '',
+      manualModelMode: true,
+      modelListLoadFailed: false,
+    })).toBe('已切换到手动添加，可在右侧填写模型信息')
+  })
+
+  it('keeps search empty state ahead of manual/offline guidance', () => {
+    expect(getModelDirectoryEmptyText({
+      searchQuery: 'local-model',
+      manualModelMode: true,
+      modelListLoadFailed: true,
+    })).toBe('未找到模型')
+  })
 })
--- a/frontend/src/features/models/components/global-model-form-helpers.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/models/components/global-model-form-helpers.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,19 @@ export interface GlobalModelFormPayloadState {
  is_active?: boolean
 }

+export interface ModelDirectoryEmptyTextState {
+  searchQuery: string
+  manualModelMode: boolean
+  modelListLoadFailed: boolean
+}
+
+export function getModelDirectoryEmptyText(state: ModelDirectoryEmptyTextState): string {
+  if (state.searchQuery) return '未找到模型'
+  if (state.modelListLoadFailed) return '模型目录加载失败，请使用手动添加继续创建'
+  if (state.manualModelMode) return '已切换到手动添加，可在右侧填写模型信息'
+  return '加载中...'
+}
+
 function cleanGlobalModelConfig(form: GlobalModelFormPayloadState): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
  return form.config && Object.keys(form.config).length > 0 ? form.config : undefined
 }
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ProviderModelFormDialog.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ProviderModelFormDialog.vue
@@ -11,27 +11,13 @@
      class="space-y-4"
      @submit.prevent="handleSubmit"
    >
-      <!-- 添加模式：选择或手动创建本地全局模型 -->
+      <!-- 添加模式：选择本地全局模型 -->
      <div
        v-if="!isEditing"
        class="space-y-3"
      >
-        <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
-          <Label for="global-model">选择已有模型或手动添加 *</Label>
-          <Button
-            type="button"
-            variant="ghost"
-            size="sm"
-            class="h-7 px-2 text-xs"
-            @click="manualGlobalModelMode = !manualGlobalModelMode"
-          >
-            {{ manualGlobalModelMode ? '选择已有模型' : '手动添加' }}
-          </Button>
-        </div>
-        <div
-          v-if="!manualGlobalModelMode"
-          class="space-y-2"
-        >
+        <div class="space-y-1.5">
+          <Label for="global-model">选择已有模型 *</Label>
          <Select
            :model-value="form.global_model_id"
            :disabled="loadingGlobalModels"
@@ -51,44 +37,11 @@
            </SelectContent>
          </Select>
        </div>
-        <div
-          v-else
-          class="rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-muted/20 p-3 space-y-3"
-        >
-          <div class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
-            <div class="space-y-1.5">
-              <Label
-                for="manual-global-model-name"
-                class="text-xs"
-              >模型ID *</Label>
-              <Input
-                id="manual-global-model-name"
-                v-model="form.manual_global_model_name"
-                placeholder="如 gpt-4o-mini"
-                @update:model-value="syncManualProviderName"
-              />
-            </div>
-            <div class="space-y-1.5">
-              <Label
-                for="manual-global-model-display-name"
-                class="text-xs"
-              >显示名称</Label>
-              <Input
-                id="manual-global-model-display-name"
-                v-model="form.manual_global_model_display_name"
-                placeholder="默认使用模型ID"
-              />
-            </div>
-          </div>
-          <p class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-            无法联网获取模型目录时，可直接填写模型ID。保存时会先创建本地全局模型，再添加到当前 Provider。
-          </p>
-        </div>
        <p
-          v-if="availableGlobalModels.length === 0 && !loadingGlobalModels && !manualGlobalModelMode"
+          v-if="availableGlobalModels.length === 0 && !loadingGlobalModels"
          class="text-xs text-muted-foreground"
        >
-          没有可选择的本地全局模型。可以切换到“手动添加”继续保存。
+          没有可选择的本地全局模型。请先在模型管理中添加全局模型。
        </p>
        <div class="space-y-1.5">
          <Label
@@ -320,7 +273,7 @@ import {
 import { useToast } from '@/composables/useToast'
 import { parseNumberInput, sortResolutionEntries } from '@/utils/form'
 import { createModel, updateModel, getProviderModels } from '@/api/endpoints/models'
-import { createGlobalModel, listGlobalModels, type GlobalModelResponse } from '@/api/global-models'
+import { listGlobalModels, type GlobalModelResponse } from '@/api/global-models'
 import TieredPricingEditor from '@/features/models/components/TieredPricingEditor.vue'
 import type { Model, TieredPricingConfig } from '@/api/endpoints'
 import {
@@ -387,7 +340,6 @@ const showCache1h = true
 const submitting = ref(false)
 const loadingGlobalModels = ref(false)
 const availableGlobalModels = ref<GlobalModelResponse[]>([])
-const manualGlobalModelMode = ref(false)

 // 阶梯计费配置
 const tieredPricing = ref<TieredPricingConfig | null>(null)
@@ -422,15 +374,9 @@ const VIDEO_RESOLUTION_PRICE_PRESETS: Record<
  ],
 }

-const DEFAULT_MANUAL_GLOBAL_MODEL_PRICING: TieredPricingConfig = {
-  tiers: [{ up_to: null, input_price_per_1m: 0, output_price_per_1m: 0 }],
-}
-
 const form = ref({
  global_model_id: '',
  provider_model_name: '',
-  manual_global_model_name: '',
-  manual_global_model_display_name: '',
  price_per_request: undefined as number | undefined,
  config: {} as Record<string, unknown>,
  // 能力配置
@@ -446,7 +392,6 @@ const imageGenerationExplicitOverride = ref<boolean | null>(null)
 const canSubmitCreate = computed(() => {
  if (isEditing.value) return true
  if (!form.value.provider_model_name.trim()) return false
-  if (manualGlobalModelMode.value) return !!form.value.manual_global_model_name.trim()
  return !!form.value.global_model_id
 })

@@ -462,8 +407,6 @@ watch(() => props.open, async (newOpen) => {
      form.value = {
        global_model_id: props.editingModel.global_model_id || '',
        provider_model_name: props.editingModel.provider_model_name || '',
-        manual_global_model_name: '',
-        manual_global_model_display_name: '',
        // 显示有效的按次计费价格（继承自全局模型）
        price_per_request: props.editingModel.effective_price_per_request ?? props.editingModel.price_per_request ?? undefined,
        config: effectiveConfig ? JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(effectiveConfig)) : {},
@@ -526,8 +469,6 @@ function resetForm() {
  form.value = {
    global_model_id: '',
    provider_model_name: '',
-    manual_global_model_name: '',
-    manual_global_model_display_name: '',
    price_per_request: undefined,
    config: {},
    supports_vision: undefined,
@@ -543,7 +484,6 @@ function resetForm() {
  tieredPricingModified.value = false
  originalTieredPricing.value = ''
  availableGlobalModels.value = []
-  manualGlobalModelMode.value = false
 }

 function handleGlobalModelSelect(value: string) {
@@ -554,16 +494,6 @@ function handleGlobalModelSelect(value: string) {
  form.value.provider_model_name = selectedModel?.name || form.value.provider_model_name
 }

-function syncManualProviderName(value: string | number) {
-  const modelName = String(value || '').trim()
-  if (!form.value.provider_model_name.trim()) {
-    form.value.provider_model_name = modelName
-  }
-  if (!form.value.manual_global_model_display_name.trim()) {
-    form.value.manual_global_model_display_name = modelName
-  }
-}
-
 function modelSupportsImageGeneration(model: {
  supported_capabilities?: string[] | null
  supports_image_generation?: boolean | null
@@ -753,32 +683,6 @@ function _copyVideoPricingFromSelectedGlobal() {
  configTouched.value = true
 }

-async function createManualGlobalModel(
-  finalTieredPricing: TieredPricingConfig | null,
-  cleanConfig: Record<string, unknown> | undefined,
-  supportsImageGeneration: boolean,
-): Promise<GlobalModelResponse> {
-  const modelName = form.value.manual_global_model_name.trim()
-  const displayName = form.value.manual_global_model_display_name.trim() || modelName
-  const supportedCapabilities = [
-    form.value.supports_vision === true ? 'vision' : null,
-    form.value.supports_function_calling === true ? 'function_calling' : null,
-    form.value.supports_streaming === true ? 'streaming' : null,
-    form.value.supports_extended_thinking === true ? 'extended_thinking' : null,
-    supportsImageGeneration ? 'image_generation' : null,
-  ].filter((capability): capability is string => capability !== null)
-
-  return createGlobalModel({
-    name: modelName,
-    display_name: displayName,
-    default_price_per_request: form.value.price_per_request,
-    default_tiered_pricing: finalTieredPricing || DEFAULT_MANUAL_GLOBAL_MODEL_PRICING,
-    supported_capabilities: supportedCapabilities.length ? supportedCapabilities : undefined,
-    config: cleanConfig,
-    is_active: true,
-  })
-}
-
 // 加载可用的全局模型（排除已添加的）
 async function loadAvailableGlobalModels() {
  loadingGlobalModels.value = true
@@ -816,7 +720,7 @@ function handleClose(value: boolean) {
 async function handleSubmit() {
  if (submitting.value) return
  if (!isEditing.value && !canSubmitCreate.value) {
-    showError(manualGlobalModelMode.value ? '请填写模型ID和 Provider 模型名' : '请选择模型并填写 Provider 模型名', '错误')
+    showError('请选择模型并填写 Provider 模型名', '错误')
    return
  }

@@ -850,21 +754,19 @@ async function handleSubmit() {
      showSuccess('模型配置已更新')
    } else {
      // 添加模式：只有用户修改了配置才提交 tiered_pricing，否则保持继承关系
-      const selectedModel = manualGlobalModelMode.value
-        ? await createManualGlobalModel(finalTieredPricing, cleanConfig, supportsImageGeneration)
-        : availableGlobalModels.value.find(m => m.id === form.value.global_model_id)
+      const selectedModel = availableGlobalModels.value.find(m => m.id === form.value.global_model_id)
      if (!selectedModel) {
-        showError('请选择模型，或切换到手动添加后填写模型ID', '错误')
+        showError('请选择模型', '错误')
        return
      }
      await createModel(props.providerId, buildProviderModelCreatePayload({
        globalModelId: selectedModel.id,
        providerModelName: form.value.provider_model_name.trim(),
        finalTieredPricing,
-        tieredPricingModified: manualGlobalModelMode.value ? false : tieredPricingModified.value,
-        pricePerRequest: manualGlobalModelMode.value ? undefined : form.value.price_per_request,
+        tieredPricingModified: tieredPricingModified.value,
+        pricePerRequest: form.value.price_per_request,
        cleanConfig,
-        configTouched: manualGlobalModelMode.value ? false : configTouched.value,
+        configTouched: configTouched.value,
        supportsVision: form.value.supports_vision,
        supportsFunctionCalling: form.value.supports_function_calling,
        supportsStreaming: form.value.supports_streaming,
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/tests/provider-model-form-helpers.spec.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/tests/provider-model-form-helpers.spec.ts
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe('provider model form embedding helpers', () => {
    expect('supports_embedding' in payload).toBe(false)
  })

-  it('uses manually supplied provider model name in create payload', () => {
+  it('uses supplied provider model name in create payload', () => {
    const payload = buildProviderModelCreatePayload({
      globalModelId: 'gm-local-manual',
      providerModelName: 'intranet-chat-model-v1',
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelMappingTab.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelMappingTab.vue
@@ -374,6 +374,7 @@ import {
  isModelTestableEndpoint,
  parseModelTestRequestHeadersDraft,
  parseModelTestRequestBodyDraft,
+  selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint,
  syncModelTestRequestBodyDraft,
 } from './model-test-request'

@@ -428,6 +429,7 @@ const deletingGroup = ref<AliasGroup | null>(null)
 const testingMapping = ref<string | null>(null)
 const pendingMappingKey = ref<string | null>(null)
 const testingModelName = ref<string | null>(null)
+const testingSourceModel = ref<Model | null>(null)
 const preselectedModelId = ref<string | null>(null)
 const selectedTestEndpoint = ref<ProviderEndpoint | null>(null)
 const testRequestHeadersDraft = ref('')
@@ -716,6 +718,7 @@ function handleTestDialogClose() {
  modelTest.resetState()
  pendingMappingKey.value = null
  testingModelName.value = null
+  testingSourceModel.value = null
  testingMapping.value = null
  selectedTestEndpoint.value = null
  mappingTestEndpoints.value = null
@@ -738,8 +741,25 @@ function handleSelectTestEndpoint(endpointId: string) {
  syncMappingTestRequestBody()
 }

+function findMappingTestModel(modelName: string): Model | null {
+  const normalized = modelName.trim()
+  if (!normalized) return null
+
+  return models.value.find(model => (
+    model.provider_model_name === normalized
+    || model.global_model_name === normalized
+    || model.global_model_display_name === normalized
+    || (model.provider_model_mappings ?? []).some(alias => alias.name === normalized)
+  )) ?? null
+}
+
 // 测试映射（直连测试，带故障转移和实时进度）
-function runMappingTest(testingKey: string, modelName: string, endpointsOverride?: ProviderEndpoint[]) {
+function runMappingTest(
+  testingKey: string,
+  modelName: string,
+  endpointsOverride?: ProviderEndpoint[],
+  sourceModel?: Model | null,
+) {
  const endpoints = endpointsOverride ?? activeEndpoints.value
  if (endpoints.length === 0) {
    showError('暂无可用于测试的活跃端点')
@@ -750,8 +770,12 @@ function runMappingTest(testingKey: string, modelName: string, endpointsOverride
  modelTest.dialogOpen.value = true
  testingMapping.value = null
  testingModelName.value = modelName
+  testingSourceModel.value = sourceModel ?? findMappingTestModel(modelName)
  mappingTestEndpoints.value = endpointsOverride ?? null
-  selectedTestEndpoint.value = endpoints[0] ?? null
+  selectedTestEndpoint.value = selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint(
+    testingSourceModel.value,
+    endpoints,
+  )
  testRequestHeadersResetValue.value = buildDefaultModelTestRequestHeaders()
  testRequestHeadersDraft.value = testRequestHeadersResetValue.value
  resetMappingTestRequestBody()
@@ -763,6 +787,7 @@ function resetMappingTestRequestBody() {
  testRequestBodyResetValue.value = buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(
    testingModelName.value,
    selectedTestEndpoint.value?.api_format,
+    testingSourceModel.value,
  )
  testRequestBodyDraft.value = testRequestBodyResetValue.value
 }
@@ -773,6 +798,7 @@ function syncMappingTestRequestBody() {
  const nextResetValue = buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(
    testingModelName.value,
    selectedTestEndpoint.value?.api_format,
+    testingSourceModel.value,
  )
  const next = syncModelTestRequestBodyDraft(
    testRequestBodyDraft.value,
@@ -840,7 +866,7 @@ function scopedMappingEndpoints(item: CombinedMapping): ProviderEndpoint[] {

 // 测试精确映射
 function testMapping(item: CombinedMapping, mapping: MappingItem) {
-  runMappingTest(`${item.key}-${mapping.name}`, mapping.name, scopedMappingEndpoints(item))
+  runMappingTest(`${item.key}-${mapping.name}`, mapping.name, scopedMappingEndpoints(item), item.group?.model)
 }

 // 测试正则映射
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelTestDialog.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelTestDialog.vue
@@ -444,7 +444,27 @@
              {{ attempt.key_name || maskKey(attempt.key_id) }}
            </div>
            <div
-              v-if="attemptDetail(attempt) !== '-'"
+              v-if="attemptImagePreviews(attempt).length > 0"
+              class="mt-2 flex flex-wrap gap-2"
+            >
+              <button
+                v-for="(preview, imageIndex) in attemptImagePreviews(attempt).slice(0, 3)"
+                :key="`${preview.src}-${imageIndex}`"
+                type="button"
+                class="h-16 w-16 overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border/60 bg-muted/30 transition-colors hover:border-primary/60"
+                :title="preview.label"
+                @click.stop="openImagePreview(preview)"
+              >
+                <img
+                  :src="preview.src"
+                  :alt="preview.label"
+                  class="h-full w-full object-contain"
+                  loading="lazy"
+                >
+              </button>
+            </div>
+            <div
+              v-else-if="attemptDetail(attempt) !== '-'"
              class="mt-1 break-all text-muted-foreground"
            >
              {{ attemptDetail(attempt) }}
@@ -519,6 +539,33 @@
              </td>
              <td class="px-3 py-2 text-muted-foreground">
                <div
+                  v-if="attemptImagePreviews(attempt).length > 0"
+                  class="flex flex-wrap gap-2"
+                >
+                  <button
+                    v-for="(preview, imageIndex) in attemptImagePreviews(attempt).slice(0, 4)"
+                    :key="`${preview.src}-${imageIndex}`"
+                    type="button"
+                    class="h-14 w-14 overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border/60 bg-muted/30 transition-colors hover:border-primary/60 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-primary/70"
+                    :title="preview.label"
+                    @click.stop="openImagePreview(preview)"
+                  >
+                    <img
+                      :src="preview.src"
+                      :alt="preview.label"
+                      class="h-full w-full object-contain"
+                      loading="lazy"
+                    >
+                  </button>
+                  <span
+                    v-if="attemptImagePreviews(attempt).length > 4"
+                    class="flex h-14 items-center rounded-md border border-border/60 px-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground"
+                  >
+                    +{{ attemptImagePreviews(attempt).length - 4 }}
+                  </span>
+                </div>
+                <div
+                  v-else
                  class="line-clamp-2 break-all"
                  :title="attemptDetail(attempt)"
                >
@@ -641,6 +688,36 @@
                  </TabsContent>

                  <TabsContent value="response-body">
+                    <div
+                      v-if="selectedInspectionImagePreviews.length > 0"
+                      class="mb-3 rounded-md border border-border/60 bg-muted/20 p-3"
+                    >
+                      <div class="mb-3 flex items-center justify-between gap-3 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                        <span>图片预览</span>
+                        <span>{{ selectedInspectionImagePreviews.length }} 张</span>
+                      </div>
+                      <div class="grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-2 xl:grid-cols-3">
+                        <button
+                          v-for="(preview, index) in selectedInspectionImagePreviews"
+                          :key="`${preview.src}-${index}`"
+                          type="button"
+                          class="group block overflow-hidden rounded-md border border-border/60 bg-background text-left transition-colors hover:border-primary/60 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-primary/70"
+                          @click="openImagePreview(preview)"
+                        >
+                          <div class="aspect-square w-full overflow-hidden bg-muted/30">
+                            <img
+                              :src="preview.src"
+                              :alt="preview.label"
+                              class="h-full w-full object-contain"
+                              loading="lazy"
+                            >
+                          </div>
+                          <div class="border-t border-border/60 px-2 py-1 text-[11px] text-muted-foreground">
+                            {{ preview.label }}
+                          </div>
+                        </button>
+                      </div>
+                    </div>
                    <JsonContent
                      :data="selectedInspectionAttempt.response_body"
                      view-mode="formatted"
@@ -673,6 +750,39 @@
      </Button>
    </template>
  </Dialog>
+
+  <Dialog
+    :open="Boolean(activeImagePreview)"
+    size="6xl"
+    :z-index="120"
+    @update:open="(val: boolean) => { if (!val) activeImagePreview = null }"
+  >
+    <template #header>
+      <div class="border-b border-border px-6 py-4">
+        <div class="text-lg font-semibold text-foreground leading-tight">
+          {{ activeImagePreview?.label || '图片预览' }}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </template>
+
+    <div class="flex max-h-[76vh] items-center justify-center overflow-auto rounded-md bg-muted/20 p-3">
+      <img
+        v-if="activeImagePreview"
+        :src="activeImagePreview.src"
+        :alt="activeImagePreview.label"
+        class="max-h-[72vh] max-w-full rounded-md object-contain"
+      >
+    </div>
+
+    <template #footer>
+      <Button
+        variant="outline"
+        @click="activeImagePreview = null"
+      >
+        关闭
+      </Button>
+    </template>
+  </Dialog>
 </template>

 <script setup lang="ts">
@@ -698,7 +808,12 @@ import type { CandidateRecord, RequestTrace } from '@/api/requestTrace'
 import JsonContent from '@/features/usage/components/RequestDetailDrawer/JsonContent.vue'
 import { useClipboard } from '@/composables/useClipboard'
 import { useDarkMode } from '@/composables/useDarkMode'
-import { extractModelTestResponsePreview, formatModelTestDiagnostic } from './model-test-request'
+import {
+  extractModelTestImagePreviews,
+  extractModelTestResponsePreview,
+  formatModelTestDiagnostic,
+} from './model-test-request'
+import type { ModelTestImagePreview } from './model-test-request'

 type TestEndpointOption = {
  id: string
@@ -816,6 +931,7 @@ const inspectionTab = ref<'request-headers' | 'request-body' | 'response-headers
 const selectedInspectionKey = ref<string | null>(null)
 const inspectionExpandDepth = ref(0)
 const inspectionCopiedStates = ref<Record<string, boolean>>({})
+const activeImagePreview = ref<ModelTestImagePreview | null>(null)

 watch(() => props.result, () => {
  showAllAttempts.value = false
@@ -1129,6 +1245,12 @@ const selectedInspectionAttempt = computed(() => {
  return inspectableAttempts.value[0] ?? resultAttempts.value[0] ?? null
 })

+const selectedInspectionImagePreviews = computed(() => (
+  selectedInspectionAttempt.value
+    ? extractModelTestImagePreviews(selectedInspectionAttempt.value.response_body)
+    : []
+))
+
 const resultWinningTitle = computed(() => {
  const summary = resultSummary.value
  const keyName = summary.winning_key_name || summary.winning_key_id
@@ -1238,6 +1360,7 @@ function formatAuthType(authType: string): string {
  if (lowered === 'codex') return 'Codex OAuth'
  if (lowered === 'antigravity') return 'Antigravity OAuth'
  if (lowered === 'kiro') return 'Kiro OAuth'
+  if (lowered === 'grok') return 'Grok OAuth'
  return authType
 }

@@ -1295,6 +1418,14 @@ function attemptDetail(attempt: TestAttemptDetail): string {
  return '-'
 }

+function attemptImagePreviews(attempt: TestAttemptDetail): ModelTestImagePreview[] {
+  return extractModelTestImagePreviews(attempt.response_body)
+}
+
+function openImagePreview(preview: ModelTestImagePreview) {
+  activeImagePreview.value = preview
+}
+
 function inspectionKey(attempt: TestAttemptDetail): string {
  return `${attempt.candidate_index}:${attempt.retry_index ?? 0}:${attempt.key_id}`
 }
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelsTab.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelsTab.vue
@@ -272,6 +272,7 @@ import {
  normalizeModelTestMappedModelSelection,
  parseModelTestRequestHeadersDraft,
  parseModelTestRequestBodyDraft,
+  selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint,
  syncModelTestRequestBodyDraft,
 } from './model-test-request'

@@ -587,7 +588,7 @@ async function testModelConnection(model: Model) {
  }

  pendingTestModel.value = model
-  selectedTestEndpoint.value = activeEndpoints.value[0] ?? null
+  selectedTestEndpoint.value = selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint(model, activeEndpoints.value)
  const requestedModelName = getModelTestRequestedModelName(model)
  selectedTestMappedModelName.value = null
  testRequestHeadersResetValue.value = buildDefaultModelTestRequestHeaders()
@@ -595,6 +596,7 @@ async function testModelConnection(model: Model) {
  testRequestBodyResetValue.value = buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(
    requestedModelName,
    selectedTestEndpoint.value?.api_format,
+    model,
  )
  testRequestBodyDraft.value = testRequestBodyResetValue.value
  modelTest.testResult.value = null
@@ -620,7 +622,11 @@ function syncTestRequestBodyModel() {
  if (!modelName) return

  const resetDraft = testRequestBodyResetValue.value
-    || buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(modelName, selectedTestEndpoint.value?.api_format)
+    || buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(
+      modelName,
+      selectedTestEndpoint.value?.api_format,
+      pendingTestModel.value,
+    )
  const next = syncModelTestRequestBodyDraft(
    testRequestBodyDraft.value,
    testRequestBodyResetValue.value,
@@ -638,6 +644,7 @@ function resetTestRequestBodyForSelectedEndpoint() {
  const nextResetValue = buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(
    modelName,
    selectedTestEndpoint.value?.api_format,
+    pendingTestModel.value,
  )
  const next = syncModelTestRequestBodyDraft(
    testRequestBodyDraft.value,
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/tests/model-test-request.spec.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/tests/model-test-request.spec.ts
@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@ import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
 import {
  buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody,
  buildExactModelMappingTestRequest,
+  extractModelTestImagePreviews,
  extractModelTestResponsePreview,
  formatModelTestDiagnostic,
+  getOpenAiImageModelTestMaxGenerationCount,
  isModelTestableEndpoint,
  isModelTestableApiFormat,
  listModelTestMappedModelOptions,
  normalizeModelTestMappedModelSelection,
+  selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint,
  setModelTestRequestBodyModel,
  syncModelTestRequestBodyDraft,
 } from '../model-test-request'
@@ -68,6 +71,28 @@ describe('buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody', () => {
    expect(body.messages).toBeUndefined()
  })

+  it('uses image generation tools for image models on OpenAI Responses endpoints', () => {
+    const body = JSON.parse(buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(
+      'gpt-image-2',
+      'openai:responses',
+      {
+        effective_supports_image_generation: true,
+      },
+    ))
+
+    expect(body.model).toBe('gpt-image-2')
+    expect(body.input).toBe('Hello! This is a test message.')
+    expect(body.tools).toEqual([
+      {
+        type: 'image_generation',
+        size: '1024x1024',
+        output_format: 'png',
+      },
+    ])
+    expect(body.tool_choice).toEqual({ type: 'image_generation' })
+    expect(body.messages).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
  it('lists endpoint-scoped provider model mappings in test selection order', () => {
    const options = listModelTestMappedModelOptions({
      provider_model_name: 'claude-opus-4-6',
@@ -219,6 +244,7 @@ describe('isModelTestableApiFormat', () => {
    'openai:image',
    'claude:messages',
    'gemini:generate_content',
+    'openai:image',
    'openai:embedding',
    'jina:rerank',
  ])('allows synchronous model-test endpoint formats: %s', (apiFormat) => {
@@ -226,6 +252,75 @@ describe('isModelTestableApiFormat', () => {
  })
 })

+describe('selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint', () => {
+  it('prefers openai image endpoints for image generation models', () => {
+    const chatEndpoint = { id: 'chat', api_format: 'openai:chat', is_active: true }
+    const imageEndpoint = { id: 'image', api_format: 'openai:image', is_active: true }
+
+    expect(selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint({
+      effective_supports_image_generation: true,
+    }, [chatEndpoint, imageEndpoint])).toBe(imageEndpoint)
+  })
+
+  it('prefers openai image endpoints from model-test capability metadata', () => {
+    const chatEndpoint = { id: 'chat', api_format: 'openai:chat', is_active: true }
+    const imageEndpoint = { id: 'image', api_format: 'openai:image', is_active: true }
+
+    expect(selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint({
+      effective_supports_image_generation: false,
+      model_test_capabilities: {
+        'openai:image': {
+          supports_generation: true,
+          max_generation_count: 4,
+        },
+      },
+    }, [chatEndpoint, imageEndpoint])).toBe(imageEndpoint)
+  })
+
+  it('does not treat edit-only image capability as generation support', () => {
+    const chatEndpoint = { id: 'chat', api_format: 'openai:chat', is_active: true }
+    const imageEndpoint = { id: 'image', api_format: 'openai:image', is_active: true }
+
+    expect(selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint({
+      effective_supports_image_generation: true,
+      model_test_capabilities: {
+        'openai:image': {
+          supports_generation: false,
+          supports_edit: true,
+          max_generation_count: 4,
+        },
+      },
+    }, [chatEndpoint, imageEndpoint])).toBe(chatEndpoint)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the existing endpoint order for non-image models', () => {
+    const chatEndpoint = { id: 'chat', api_format: 'openai:chat', is_active: true }
+    const imageEndpoint = { id: 'image', api_format: 'openai:image', is_active: true }
+
+    expect(selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint({
+      effective_supports_image_generation: false,
+    }, [chatEndpoint, imageEndpoint])).toBe(chatEndpoint)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('getOpenAiImageModelTestMaxGenerationCount', () => {
+  it('reads image generation count from backend capability metadata', () => {
+    expect(getOpenAiImageModelTestMaxGenerationCount({
+      model_test_capabilities: {
+        'openai:image': {
+          max_generation_count: 4,
+        },
+      },
+    })).toBe(4)
+  })
+
+  it('returns null when backend capability metadata is absent', () => {
+    expect(getOpenAiImageModelTestMaxGenerationCount({
+      effective_supports_image_generation: true,
+    })).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
 describe('isModelTestableEndpoint', () => {
  it('requires at least one active key compatible with the endpoint format', () => {
    const keys = [
@@ -373,6 +468,95 @@ describe('extractModelTestResponsePreview', () => {
    })).toBe('Rerank 结果：2 条')
  })

+  it('extracts image URLs from OpenAI image responses', () => {
+    expect(extractModelTestResponsePreview({
+      data: [
+        {
+          url: 'https://example.com/generated.png',
+          revised_prompt: 'A generated image',
+        },
+      ],
+    })).toBe('图片：https://example.com/generated.png')
+  })
+
+  it('summarizes base64 image responses without dumping the image payload', () => {
+    expect(extractModelTestResponsePreview({
+      data: [
+        {
+          b64_json: 'aGVsbG8=',
+        },
+      ],
+    })).toBe('图片：base64')
+  })
+
+  it('extracts renderable base64 image previews from OpenAI image responses', () => {
+    expect(extractModelTestImagePreviews({
+      data: [
+        {
+          b64_json: 'aGVsbG8=',
+          mime_type: 'image/jpeg',
+        },
+      ],
+    })).toEqual([
+      {
+        src: 'data:image/jpeg;base64,aGVsbG8=',
+        label: '图片 1',
+        source: 'base64',
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('extracts image previews from nested response image urls', () => {
+    expect(extractModelTestImagePreviews({
+      output: [
+        {
+          content: [
+            {
+              type: 'output_image',
+              image_url: {
+                url: 'https://example.com/generated.png',
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    })).toEqual([
+      {
+        src: 'https://example.com/generated.png',
+        label: '图片 1',
+        source: 'url',
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('extracts image previews from OpenAI Responses image_generation_call results', () => {
+    expect(extractModelTestResponsePreview({
+      output: [
+        {
+          type: 'image_generation_call',
+          output_format: 'png',
+          result: 'aGVsbG8=',
+        },
+      ],
+    })).toBe('图片：base64')
+
+    expect(extractModelTestImagePreviews({
+      output: [
+        {
+          type: 'image_generation_call',
+          output_format: 'png',
+          result: 'aGVsbG8=',
+        },
+      ],
+    })).toEqual([
+      {
+        src: 'data:image/png;base64,aGVsbG8=',
+        label: '图片 1',
+        source: 'base64',
+      },
+    ])
+  })
+
  it('falls back to response model when no text payload exists', () => {
    expect(extractModelTestResponsePreview({
      model: 'glm-4.5-air',
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/model-test-capabilities.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/model-test-capabilities.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import { normalizeApiFormatAlias } from '@/api/endpoints/types/api-format'
+import type { ModelTestCapabilities, OpenAiImageModelTestCapability } from '@/api/endpoints/types'
+
+export type ModelTestEndpointSource = {
+  api_format: string
+  is_active?: boolean | null
+}
+
+export type ModelTestImageSource = {
+  effective_supports_image_generation?: boolean | null
+  supports_image_generation?: boolean | null
+  model_test_capabilities?: ModelTestCapabilities | null
+}
+
+export type ModelTestKeySource = {
+  api_formats?: string[] | null
+  is_active?: boolean | null
+}
+
+const MODEL_TEST_UNSUPPORTED_API_FORMATS = new Set([
+  'openai:video',
+  'gemini:video',
+  'gemini:files',
+])
+
+const MODEL_TEST_DIAGNOSTIC_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
+  pool_account_blocked: '账号已失效，需重新授权',
+}
+
+export function normalizeModelTestStringList(values: string[] | null | undefined): string[] {
+  return (values ?? [])
+    .map(value => value.trim())
+    .filter(Boolean)
+}
+
+export function isModelTestableApiFormat(apiFormat: string | null | undefined): boolean {
+  const normalized = normalizeApiFormatAlias(apiFormat ?? '')
+  return Boolean(normalized) && !MODEL_TEST_UNSUPPORTED_API_FORMATS.has(normalized)
+}
+
+export function modelTestKeySupportsEndpoint(
+  key: ModelTestKeySource,
+  endpoint: ModelTestEndpointSource,
+): boolean {
+  if (key.is_active === false) return false
+
+  const endpointFormat = normalizeApiFormatAlias(endpoint.api_format)
+  if (!isModelTestableApiFormat(endpointFormat)) return false
+
+  const keyFormats = normalizeModelTestStringList(key.api_formats)
+  if (keyFormats.length === 0) return true
+
+  return keyFormats.some(format => normalizeApiFormatAlias(format) === endpointFormat)
+}
+
+export function isModelTestableEndpoint(
+  endpoint: ModelTestEndpointSource,
+  keys: ModelTestKeySource[],
+): boolean {
+  return endpoint.is_active !== false
+    && isModelTestableApiFormat(endpoint.api_format)
+    && keys.some(key => modelTestKeySupportsEndpoint(key, endpoint))
+}
+
+export function selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint<T extends ModelTestEndpointSource>(
+  model: ModelTestImageSource | null | undefined,
+  endpoints: T[],
+): T | null {
+  if (modelSupportsImageGeneration(model)) {
+    const imageEndpoint = endpoints.find(
+      endpoint => normalizeApiFormatAlias(endpoint.api_format) === 'openai:image',
+    )
+    if (imageEndpoint) return imageEndpoint
+  }
+
+  return endpoints[0] ?? null
+}
+
+export function getOpenAiImageModelTestCapability(
+  model: ModelTestImageSource | null | undefined,
+): OpenAiImageModelTestCapability | null {
+  const capability = model?.model_test_capabilities?.['openai:image']
+  return capability && typeof capability === 'object'
+    ? capability as OpenAiImageModelTestCapability
+    : null
+}
+
+export function getOpenAiImageModelTestMaxGenerationCount(
+  model: ModelTestImageSource | null | undefined,
+): number | null {
+  const maxGenerationCount = getOpenAiImageModelTestCapability(model)?.max_generation_count
+  return typeof maxGenerationCount === 'number' && Number.isFinite(maxGenerationCount)
+    ? Math.max(1, Math.floor(maxGenerationCount))
+    : null
+}
+
+export function formatModelTestDiagnostic(value: string | null | undefined): string {
+  const normalized = value?.trim()
+  if (!normalized) return ''
+  return MODEL_TEST_DIAGNOSTIC_LABELS[normalized] ?? normalized
+}
+
+export function modelSupportsImageGeneration(model: ModelTestImageSource | null | undefined): boolean {
+  const imageCapability = getOpenAiImageModelTestCapability(model)
+  if (imageCapability) {
+    return imageCapability.supports_generation !== false
+  }
+  return Boolean(
+    model?.effective_supports_image_generation ?? model?.supports_image_generation,
+  )
+}
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/model-test-preview.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/model-test-preview.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+const MODEL_TEST_RESPONSE_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH = 160
+const MODEL_TEST_IMAGE_PREVIEW_MAX_ITEMS = 6
+
+type JsonRecord = Record<string, unknown>
+
+export type ModelTestImagePreview = {
+  src: string
+  label: string
+  source: 'base64' | 'url'
+}
+
+export function extractModelTestResponsePreview(responseBody: unknown): string | null {
+  const text = extractResponseText(responseBody)
+  if (text) return text
+
+  const reasoning = extractResponseReasoning(responseBody)
+  if (reasoning) return `推理：${reasoning}`
+
+  const image = extractImagePreview(responseBody)
+  if (image) return image
+
+  const summary = extractResponseSummary(responseBody)
+  if (summary) return summary
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export function extractModelTestImagePreviews(responseBody: unknown): ModelTestImagePreview[] {
+  const previews: ModelTestImagePreview[] = []
+  collectImagePreviews(responseBody, previews, new Set(), 0)
+  return previews
+}
+
+function isJsonRecord(value: unknown): value is JsonRecord {
+  return Boolean(value) && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
+}
+
+function compactPreviewText(value: unknown): string | null {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') return null
+
+  const normalized = value.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim()
+  if (!normalized) return null
+
+  if (normalized.length <= MODEL_TEST_RESPONSE_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH) {
+    return normalized
+  }
+  return `${normalized.slice(0, MODEL_TEST_RESPONSE_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH - 3)}...`
+}
+
+function joinPreviewParts(parts: string[]): string | null {
+  return compactPreviewText(parts.filter(Boolean).join(' '))
+}
+
+function extractTextFromContentParts(value: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
+  if (depth > 4) return null
+
+  const directText = compactPreviewText(value)
+  if (directText) return directText
+
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  const parts = value.flatMap((part) => {
+    if (typeof part === 'string') return [part]
+    if (!isJsonRecord(part)) return []
+
+    const text = compactPreviewText(part.text)
+      ?? compactPreviewText(part.content)
+      ?? extractTextFromContentParts(part.parts, depth + 1)
+    return text ? [text] : []
+  })
+
+  return joinPreviewParts(parts)
+}
+
+function extractResponseText(responseBody: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
+  if (depth > 4 || !isJsonRecord(responseBody)) return null
+
+  const wrappedText = extractResponseText(responseBody.response, depth + 1)
+    ?? extractResponseText(responseBody.body, depth + 1)
+  if (wrappedText) return wrappedText
+
+  const outputText = compactPreviewText(responseBody.output_text)
+  if (outputText) return outputText
+
+  const topLevelContentText = extractTextFromContentParts(responseBody.content, depth + 1)
+  if (topLevelContentText) return topLevelContentText
+
+  const choicesText = extractChoicesText(responseBody.choices, depth + 1)
+  if (choicesText) return choicesText
+
+  const outputTextParts = extractOutputText(responseBody.output, depth + 1)
+  if (outputTextParts) return outputTextParts
+
+  const candidateText = extractGeminiCandidateText(responseBody.candidates, depth + 1)
+  if (candidateText) return candidateText
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractImagePreview(responseBody: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
+  if (depth > 4 || !isJsonRecord(responseBody)) return null
+
+  const wrappedPreview = extractImagePreview(responseBody.response, depth + 1)
+    ?? extractImagePreview(responseBody.body, depth + 1)
+  if (wrappedPreview) return wrappedPreview
+
+  const dataPreview = extractImagePreviewFromCollection(responseBody.data, depth + 1)
+  if (dataPreview) return dataPreview
+
+  const outputPreview = extractImagePreviewFromCollection(responseBody.output, depth + 1)
+  if (outputPreview) return outputPreview
+
+  const imagesPreview = extractImagePreviewFromCollection(responseBody.images, depth + 1)
+  if (imagesPreview) return imagesPreview
+
+  const contentPreview = extractImagePreviewFromContentParts(responseBody.content, depth + 1)
+  if (contentPreview) return contentPreview
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function collectImagePreviews(
+  value: unknown,
+  previews: ModelTestImagePreview[],
+  seen: Set<string>,
+  depth: number,
+) {
+  if (depth > 5 || previews.length >= MODEL_TEST_IMAGE_PREVIEW_MAX_ITEMS || value == null) return
+
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    for (const item of value) {
+      collectImagePreviews(item, previews, seen, depth + 1)
+      if (previews.length >= MODEL_TEST_IMAGE_PREVIEW_MAX_ITEMS) return
+    }
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (!isJsonRecord(value)) return
+
+  collectImagePreviewFromRecord(value, previews, seen, depth)
+
+  const nestedValues = [
+    value.response,
+    value.body,
+    value.data,
+    value.output,
+    value.images,
+    value.content,
+  ]
+  for (const nested of nestedValues) {
+    collectImagePreviews(nested, previews, seen, depth + 1)
+    if (previews.length >= MODEL_TEST_IMAGE_PREVIEW_MAX_ITEMS) return
+  }
+}
+
+function collectImagePreviewFromRecord(
+  value: JsonRecord,
+  previews: ModelTestImagePreview[],
+  seen: Set<string>,
+  depth: number,
+) {
+  const mime = imageMimeFromRecord(value)
+
+  const imageUrl = value.image_url
+  if (typeof imageUrl === 'string') {
+    pushImagePreview(previews, seen, imageUrlToPreview(imageUrl, 'url'))
+  } else if (isJsonRecord(imageUrl)) {
+    pushImagePreview(previews, seen, imageUrlToPreview(imageUrl.url, 'url'))
+    pushImagePreview(previews, seen, base64ImageToPreview(imageUrl.b64_json, imageMimeFromRecord(imageUrl)))
+  }
+
+  pushImagePreview(previews, seen, imageUrlToPreview(value.url, 'url'))
+  pushImagePreview(previews, seen, base64ImageToPreview(value.b64_json, mime))
+  pushImagePreview(previews, seen, base64ImageToPreview(value.data, mime))
+  if (value.type === 'image_generation_call') {
+    pushImagePreview(previews, seen, base64ImageToPreview(value.result, mime))
+  }
+
+  if (depth <= 4) {
+    collectImagePreviews(value.source, previews, seen, depth + 1)
+  }
+}
+
+function pushImagePreview(
+  previews: ModelTestImagePreview[],
+  seen: Set<string>,
+  preview: ModelTestImagePreview | null,
+) {
+  if (!preview || seen.has(preview.src) || previews.length >= MODEL_TEST_IMAGE_PREVIEW_MAX_ITEMS) {
+    return
+  }
+  seen.add(preview.src)
+  previews.push({
+    ...preview,
+    label: `图片 ${previews.length + 1}`,
+  })
+}
+
+function imageUrlToPreview(value: unknown, source: 'url'): ModelTestImagePreview | null {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') return null
+  const url = value.trim()
+  if (!url) return null
+  if (url.startsWith('data:image/')) {
+    return { src: url, label: 'base64', source: 'base64' }
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = new URL(url)
+    if (parsed.protocol !== 'http:' && parsed.protocol !== 'https:') return null
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  return { src: url, label: 'URL', source }
+}
+
+function base64ImageToPreview(value: unknown, mime: string): ModelTestImagePreview | null {
+  if (typeof value !== 'string') return null
+  const trimmed = value.trim()
+  if (!trimmed) return null
+  if (trimmed.startsWith('data:image/')) {
+    return { src: trimmed, label: 'base64', source: 'base64' }
+  }
+
+  const normalized = trimmed.replace(/\s+/g, '')
+  if (!normalized) return null
+  return {
+    src: `data:${mime};base64,${normalized}`,
+    label: 'base64',
+    source: 'base64',
+  }
+}
+
+function imageMimeFromRecord(value: JsonRecord): string {
+  const outputFormat = value.output_format
+  if (typeof outputFormat === 'string') {
+    const normalized = outputFormat.trim().toLowerCase()
+    if (/^[a-z0-9.+-]+$/.test(normalized)) return `image/${normalized}`
+  }
+
+  const raw = [
+    value.mime_type,
+    value.mime,
+    value.media_type,
+    value.content_type,
+    value.type,
+  ].find(candidate => typeof candidate === 'string' && candidate.trim().startsWith('image/'))
+
+  if (typeof raw === 'string') {
+    const normalized = raw.trim().toLowerCase()
+    if (/^image\/[a-z0-9.+-]+$/.test(normalized)) return normalized
+  }
+  return 'image/png'
+}
+
+function extractResponseReasoning(responseBody: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
+  if (depth > 4 || !isJsonRecord(responseBody)) return null
+
+  const wrappedReasoning = extractResponseReasoning(responseBody.response, depth + 1)
+    ?? extractResponseReasoning(responseBody.body, depth + 1)
+  if (wrappedReasoning) return wrappedReasoning
+
+  const directReasoning = compactPreviewText(responseBody.reasoning_content)
+    ?? compactPreviewText(responseBody.thinking)
+  if (directReasoning) return directReasoning
+
+  const topLevelReasoning = extractReasoningFromContentParts(responseBody.content, depth + 1)
+  if (topLevelReasoning) return topLevelReasoning
+
+  const choicesReasoning = extractChoicesReasoning(responseBody.choices, depth + 1)
+  if (choicesReasoning) return choicesReasoning
+
+  const outputReasoning = extractOutputReasoning(responseBody.output, depth + 1)
+  if (outputReasoning) return outputReasoning
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractChoicesText(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  for (const choice of value) {
+    if (!isJsonRecord(choice)) continue
+
+    const messageText = isJsonRecord(choice.message)
+      ? extractTextFromContentParts(choice.message.content, depth + 1)
+      : null
+    const deltaText = isJsonRecord(choice.delta)
+      ? extractTextFromContentParts(choice.delta.content, depth + 1)
+      : null
+    const text = messageText ?? deltaText ?? extractTextFromContentParts(choice.text, depth + 1)
+    if (text) return text
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractChoicesReasoning(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  for (const choice of value) {
+    if (!isJsonRecord(choice)) continue
+
+    const messageReasoning = isJsonRecord(choice.message)
+      ? extractReasoningFromMessage(choice.message, depth + 1)
+      : null
+    const deltaReasoning = isJsonRecord(choice.delta)
+      ? extractReasoningFromMessage(choice.delta, depth + 1)
+      : null
+    const reasoning = messageReasoning ?? deltaReasoning
+    if (reasoning) return reasoning
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractReasoningFromMessage(message: JsonRecord, depth: number): string | null {
+  return compactPreviewText(message.reasoning_content)
+    ?? compactPreviewText(message.thinking)
+    ?? extractReasoningFromContentParts(message.content, depth + 1)
+}
+
+function extractOutputText(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  for (const outputItem of value) {
+    if (!isJsonRecord(outputItem)) continue
+
+    const contentText = extractTextFromContentParts(outputItem.content, depth + 1)
+      ?? extractResponseText(outputItem.response, depth + 1)
+    if (contentText) return contentText
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractOutputReasoning(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  for (const outputItem of value) {
+    if (!isJsonRecord(outputItem)) continue
+
+    const reasoning = extractReasoningFromContentParts(outputItem.content, depth + 1)
+      ?? compactPreviewText(outputItem.reasoning_content)
+      ?? compactPreviewText(outputItem.thinking)
+      ?? extractResponseReasoning(outputItem.response, depth + 1)
+    if (reasoning) return reasoning
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractImagePreviewFromCollection(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  for (const item of value) {
+    if (!isJsonRecord(item)) continue
+
+    const preview = extractImagePreviewFromRecord(item, depth + 1)
+    if (preview) return preview
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractImagePreviewFromContentParts(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  for (const part of value) {
+    if (!isJsonRecord(part)) continue
+
+    const preview = extractImagePreviewFromRecord(part, depth + 1)
+    if (preview) return preview
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractImagePreviewFromRecord(value: JsonRecord, depth: number): string | null {
+  if (depth > 4) return null
+
+  const imageUrl = value.image_url
+  if (typeof imageUrl === 'string' && imageUrl.trim()) {
+    return compactPreviewText(`图片：${imageUrl}`)
+  }
+  if (isJsonRecord(imageUrl)) {
+    const nestedUrl = compactPreviewText(imageUrl.url)
+    if (nestedUrl) return `图片：${nestedUrl}`
+    if (compactPreviewText(imageUrl.b64_json)) {
+      return '图片：base64'
+    }
+  }
+
+  const url = compactPreviewText(value.url)
+  if (url) return `图片：${url}`
+
+  if (compactPreviewText(value.b64_json)) {
+    return '图片：base64'
+  }
+
+  if (value.type === 'image_generation_call' && compactPreviewText(value.result)) {
+    return '图片：base64'
+  }
+
+  return extractImagePreviewFromCollection(value.data, depth + 1)
+    ?? extractImagePreviewFromCollection(value.images, depth + 1)
+    ?? extractImagePreviewFromContentParts(value.content, depth + 1)
+}
+
+function extractGeminiCandidateText(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  for (const candidate of value) {
+    if (!isJsonRecord(candidate) || !isJsonRecord(candidate.content)) continue
+
+    const text = extractTextFromContentParts(candidate.content.parts, depth + 1)
+    if (text) return text
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+function extractReasoningFromContentParts(value: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
+  if (depth > 4 || !Array.isArray(value)) return null
+
+  const parts = value.flatMap((part) => {
+    if (!isJsonRecord(part)) return []
+
+    const reasoning = compactPreviewText(part.reasoning_content)
+      ?? compactPreviewText(part.thinking)
+      ?? compactPreviewText(part.reasoning)
+      ?? extractReasoningFromContentParts(part.content, depth + 1)
+      ?? extractReasoningFromContentParts(part.parts, depth + 1)
+    return reasoning ? [reasoning] : []
+  })
+
+  return joinPreviewParts(parts)
+}
+
+function extractResponseSummary(responseBody: unknown): string | null {
+  if (!isJsonRecord(responseBody)) return null
+
+  if (Array.isArray(responseBody.data)) {
+    const embeddingDimensions = responseBody.data
+      .map(item => isJsonRecord(item) && Array.isArray(item.embedding) ? item.embedding.length : null)
+      .find((size): size is number => typeof size === 'number')
+    if (embeddingDimensions != null) return `Embedding 维度：${embeddingDimensions}`
+    if (responseBody.data.length > 0) return `返回数据：${responseBody.data.length} 条`
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(responseBody.results)) return `Rerank 结果：${responseBody.results.length} 条`
+
+  const model = compactPreviewText(responseBody.model)
+  if (model) return `返回模型：${model}`
+
+  return null
+}
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/model-test-request.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/model-test-request.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,33 @@
 import { normalizeApiFormatAlias } from '@/api/endpoints/types/api-format'
 import type { ProviderModelMapping } from '@/api/endpoints/types'
 import type { TestModelRequest } from '@/api/endpoints/providers'
+import {
+  modelSupportsImageGeneration,
+  normalizeModelTestStringList,
+  type ModelTestImageSource,
+} from './model-test-capabilities'
+
+export {
+  formatModelTestDiagnostic,
+  getOpenAiImageModelTestCapability,
+  getOpenAiImageModelTestMaxGenerationCount,
+  isModelTestableApiFormat,
+  isModelTestableEndpoint,
+  modelTestKeySupportsEndpoint,
+  selectPreferredModelTestEndpoint,
+} from './model-test-capabilities'
+export type {
+  ModelTestEndpointSource,
+  ModelTestImageSource,
+  ModelTestKeySource,
+} from './model-test-capabilities'
+export {
+  extractModelTestImagePreviews,
+  extractModelTestResponsePreview,
+} from './model-test-preview'
+export type { ModelTestImagePreview } from './model-test-preview'

 const DEFAULT_MODEL_TEST_MESSAGE = 'Hello! This is a test message.'
-const MODEL_TEST_RESPONSE_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH = 160

 type ModelTestMappingSource = {
  provider_model_name: string
@@ -15,350 +39,20 @@ type ModelTestMappingEndpoint = {
  api_format: string
 }

-type ModelTestEndpointSource = {
-  api_format: string
-  is_active?: boolean | null
-}
-
-type ModelTestKeySource = {
-  api_formats?: string[] | null
-  is_active?: boolean | null
-  auth_type?: string | null
-  credential_kind?: string | null
-  oauth_managed?: boolean | null
-}
-
 export type ModelTestMappedModelOption = {
  name: string
  priority: number
 }

-const MODEL_TEST_UNSUPPORTED_API_FORMATS = new Set([
-  'openai:video',
-  'gemini:video',
-  'gemini:files',
-])
-
-const MODEL_TEST_OAUTH_INHERITS_PROVIDER_FORMATS = new Set([
-  'claude_code',
-  'codex',
-  'chatgpt_web',
-  'gemini_cli',
-  'vertex_ai',
-  'antigravity',
-  'kiro',
-])
-
-const MODEL_TEST_BEARER_INHERITS_PROVIDER_FORMATS = new Set([
-  'chatgpt_web',
-])
-
-const MODEL_TEST_DIAGNOSTIC_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
-  pool_account_blocked: '账号已失效，需重新授权',
-}
-
-type JsonRecord = Record<string, unknown>
-
-export function isModelTestableApiFormat(apiFormat: string | null | undefined): boolean {
-  const normalized = normalizeApiFormatAlias(apiFormat ?? '')
-  return Boolean(normalized) && !MODEL_TEST_UNSUPPORTED_API_FORMATS.has(normalized)
-}
-
-export function modelTestKeySupportsEndpoint(
-  key: ModelTestKeySource,
-  endpoint: ModelTestEndpointSource,
-  providerType?: string | null,
-): boolean {
-  if (key.is_active === false) return false
-
-  const endpointFormat = normalizeApiFormatAlias(endpoint.api_format)
-  if (!isModelTestableApiFormat(endpointFormat)) return false
-
-  if (modelTestKeyInheritsProviderFormats(key, providerType)) return true
-
-  const keyFormats = normalizeStringList(key.api_formats ?? undefined)
-  if (keyFormats.length === 0) return true
-
-  return keyFormats.some(format => normalizeApiFormatAlias(format) === endpointFormat)
-}
-
-export function isModelTestableEndpoint(
-  endpoint: ModelTestEndpointSource,
-  keys: ModelTestKeySource[],
-  providerType?: string | null,
-): boolean {
-  return endpoint.is_active !== false
-    && isModelTestableApiFormat(endpoint.api_format)
-    && keys.some(key => modelTestKeySupportsEndpoint(key, endpoint, providerType))
-}
-
-export function formatModelTestDiagnostic(value: string | null | undefined): string {
-  const normalized = value?.trim()
-  if (!normalized) return ''
-  return MODEL_TEST_DIAGNOSTIC_LABELS[normalized] ?? normalized
-}
-
-export function extractModelTestResponsePreview(responseBody: unknown): string | null {
-  const text = extractResponseText(responseBody)
-  if (text) return text
-
-  const reasoning = extractResponseReasoning(responseBody)
-  if (reasoning) return `推理：${reasoning}`
-
-  const summary = extractResponseSummary(responseBody)
-  if (summary) return summary
-
-  return null
-}
-
-function normalizeStringList(values: string[] | undefined): string[] {
-  return (values ?? [])
-    .map(value => value.trim())
-    .filter(Boolean)
-}
-
-function modelTestKeyInheritsProviderFormats(
-  key: ModelTestKeySource,
-  providerType: string | null | undefined,
-): boolean {
-  const normalizedProviderType = providerType?.trim().toLowerCase()
-  if (!normalizedProviderType) return false
-
-  const authType = key.auth_type?.trim().toLowerCase()
-  const credentialKind = key.credential_kind?.trim().toLowerCase()
-  const oauthManaged = key.oauth_managed === true
-    || credentialKind === 'oauth_session'
-    || authType === 'oauth'
-
-  if (oauthManaged && MODEL_TEST_OAUTH_INHERITS_PROVIDER_FORMATS.has(normalizedProviderType)) {
-    return true
-  }
-
-  return authType === 'bearer'
-    && MODEL_TEST_BEARER_INHERITS_PROVIDER_FORMATS.has(normalizedProviderType)
-}
-
-function isJsonRecord(value: unknown): value is JsonRecord {
-  return Boolean(value) && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
-function compactPreviewText(value: unknown): string | null {
-  if (typeof value !== 'string') return null
-
-  const normalized = value.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim()
-  if (!normalized) return null
-
-  if (normalized.length <= MODEL_TEST_RESPONSE_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH) {
-    return normalized
-  }
-  return `${normalized.slice(0, MODEL_TEST_RESPONSE_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH - 3)}...`
-}
-
-function joinPreviewParts(parts: string[]): string | null {
-  return compactPreviewText(parts.filter(Boolean).join(' '))
-}
-
-function extractTextFromContentParts(value: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
-  if (depth > 4) return null
-
-  const directText = compactPreviewText(value)
-  if (directText) return directText
-
-  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
-
-  const parts = value.flatMap((part) => {
-    if (typeof part === 'string') return [part]
-    if (!isJsonRecord(part)) return []
-
-    const text = compactPreviewText(part.text)
-      ?? compactPreviewText(part.content)
-      ?? extractTextFromContentParts(part.parts, depth + 1)
-    return text ? [text] : []
-  })
-
-  return joinPreviewParts(parts)
-}
-
-function extractResponseText(responseBody: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
-  if (depth > 4 || !isJsonRecord(responseBody)) return null
-
-  const wrappedText = extractResponseText(responseBody.response, depth + 1)
-    ?? extractResponseText(responseBody.body, depth + 1)
-  if (wrappedText) return wrappedText
-
-  const outputText = compactPreviewText(responseBody.output_text)
-  if (outputText) return outputText
-
-  const topLevelContentText = extractTextFromContentParts(responseBody.content, depth + 1)
-  if (topLevelContentText) return topLevelContentText
-
-  const choicesText = extractChoicesText(responseBody.choices, depth + 1)
-  if (choicesText) return choicesText
-
-  const outputTextParts = extractOutputText(responseBody.output, depth + 1)
-  if (outputTextParts) return outputTextParts
-
-  const candidateText = extractGeminiCandidateText(responseBody.candidates, depth + 1)
-  if (candidateText) return candidateText
-
-  return null
-}
-
-function extractResponseReasoning(responseBody: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
-  if (depth > 4 || !isJsonRecord(responseBody)) return null
-
-  const wrappedReasoning = extractResponseReasoning(responseBody.response, depth + 1)
-    ?? extractResponseReasoning(responseBody.body, depth + 1)
-  if (wrappedReasoning) return wrappedReasoning
-
-  const directReasoning = compactPreviewText(responseBody.reasoning_content)
-    ?? compactPreviewText(responseBody.thinking)
-  if (directReasoning) return directReasoning
-
-  const topLevelReasoning = extractReasoningFromContentParts(responseBody.content, depth + 1)
-  if (topLevelReasoning) return topLevelReasoning
-
-  const choicesReasoning = extractChoicesReasoning(responseBody.choices, depth + 1)
-  if (choicesReasoning) return choicesReasoning
-
-  const outputReasoning = extractOutputReasoning(responseBody.output, depth + 1)
-  if (outputReasoning) return outputReasoning
-
-  return null
-}
-
-function extractChoicesText(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
-
-  for (const choice of value) {
-    if (!isJsonRecord(choice)) continue
-
-    const messageText = isJsonRecord(choice.message)
-      ? extractTextFromContentParts(choice.message.content, depth + 1)
-      : null
-    const deltaText = isJsonRecord(choice.delta)
-      ? extractTextFromContentParts(choice.delta.content, depth + 1)
-      : null
-    const text = messageText ?? deltaText ?? extractTextFromContentParts(choice.text, depth + 1)
-    if (text) return text
-  }
-
-  return null
-}
-
-function extractChoicesReasoning(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
-
-  for (const choice of value) {
-    if (!isJsonRecord(choice)) continue
-
-    const messageReasoning = isJsonRecord(choice.message)
-      ? extractReasoningFromMessage(choice.message, depth + 1)
-      : null
-    const deltaReasoning = isJsonRecord(choice.delta)
-      ? extractReasoningFromMessage(choice.delta, depth + 1)
-      : null
-    const reasoning = messageReasoning ?? deltaReasoning
-    if (reasoning) return reasoning
-  }
-
-  return null
-}
-
-function extractReasoningFromMessage(message: JsonRecord, depth: number): string | null {
-  return compactPreviewText(message.reasoning_content)
-    ?? compactPreviewText(message.thinking)
-    ?? extractReasoningFromContentParts(message.content, depth + 1)
-}
-
-function extractOutputText(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
-
-  for (const outputItem of value) {
-    if (!isJsonRecord(outputItem)) continue
-
-    const contentText = extractTextFromContentParts(outputItem.content, depth + 1)
-      ?? extractResponseText(outputItem.response, depth + 1)
-    if (contentText) return contentText
-  }
-
-  return null
-}
-
-function extractOutputReasoning(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
-
-  for (const outputItem of value) {
-    if (!isJsonRecord(outputItem)) continue
-
-    const reasoning = extractReasoningFromContentParts(outputItem.content, depth + 1)
-      ?? compactPreviewText(outputItem.reasoning_content)
-      ?? compactPreviewText(outputItem.thinking)
-      ?? extractResponseReasoning(outputItem.response, depth + 1)
-    if (reasoning) return reasoning
-  }
-
-  return null
-}
-
-function extractGeminiCandidateText(value: unknown, depth: number): string | null {
-  if (!Array.isArray(value)) return null
-
-  for (const candidate of value) {
-    if (!isJsonRecord(candidate) || !isJsonRecord(candidate.content)) continue
-
-    const text = extractTextFromContentParts(candidate.content.parts, depth + 1)
-    if (text) return text
-  }
-
-  return null
-}
-
-function extractReasoningFromContentParts(value: unknown, depth = 0): string | null {
-  if (depth > 4 || !Array.isArray(value)) return null
-
-  const parts = value.flatMap((part) => {
-    if (!isJsonRecord(part)) return []
-
-    const reasoning = compactPreviewText(part.reasoning_content)
-      ?? compactPreviewText(part.thinking)
-      ?? compactPreviewText(part.reasoning)
-      ?? extractReasoningFromContentParts(part.content, depth + 1)
-      ?? extractReasoningFromContentParts(part.parts, depth + 1)
-    return reasoning ? [reasoning] : []
-  })
-
-  return joinPreviewParts(parts)
-}
-
-function extractResponseSummary(responseBody: unknown): string | null {
-  if (!isJsonRecord(responseBody)) return null
-
-  if (Array.isArray(responseBody.data)) {
-    const embeddingDimensions = responseBody.data
-      .map(item => isJsonRecord(item) && Array.isArray(item.embedding) ? item.embedding.length : null)
-      .find((size): size is number => typeof size === 'number')
-    if (embeddingDimensions != null) return `Embedding 维度：${embeddingDimensions}`
-    if (responseBody.data.length > 0) return `返回数据：${responseBody.data.length} 条`
-  }
-
-  if (Array.isArray(responseBody.results)) return `Rerank 结果：${responseBody.results.length} 条`
-
-  const model = compactPreviewText(responseBody.model)
-  if (model) return `返回模型：${model}`
-
-  return null
-}
-
 function mappingApiFormatMatches(mapping: ProviderModelMapping, endpoint: ModelTestMappingEndpoint): boolean {
-  const apiFormats = normalizeStringList(mapping.api_formats)
+  const apiFormats = normalizeModelTestStringList(mapping.api_formats)
  if (apiFormats.length === 0) return true
  const endpointFormat = normalizeApiFormatAlias(endpoint.api_format)
  return apiFormats.some(format => normalizeApiFormatAlias(format) === endpointFormat)
 }

 function mappingEndpointMatches(mapping: ProviderModelMapping, endpoint: ModelTestMappingEndpoint): boolean {
-  const endpointIds = normalizeStringList(mapping.endpoint_ids)
+  const endpointIds = normalizeModelTestStringList(mapping.endpoint_ids)
  if (endpointIds.length === 0) return true
  return endpointIds.includes(endpoint.id)
 }
@@ -450,7 +144,11 @@ export function buildExactModelMappingTestRequest(
  }
 }

-export function buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(modelName: string, apiFormat?: string | null): string {
+export function buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(
+  modelName: string,
+  apiFormat?: string | null,
+  model?: ModelTestImageSource | null,
+): string {
  const normalizedApiFormat = normalizeApiFormatAlias(apiFormat ?? '')

  if (normalizedApiFormat.endsWith(':embedding')) {
@@ -485,6 +183,24 @@ export function buildDefaultModelTestRequestBody(modelName: string, apiFormat?:
    }, null, 2)
  }

+  if (normalizedApiFormat === 'openai:responses' && modelSupportsImageGeneration(model)) {
+    return JSON.stringify({
+      model: modelName,
+      input: DEFAULT_MODEL_TEST_MESSAGE,
+      tools: [
+        {
+          type: 'image_generation',
+          size: '1024x1024',
+          output_format: 'png',
+        },
+      ],
+      tool_choice: {
+        type: 'image_generation',
+      },
+      stream: true,
+    }, null, 2)
+  }
+
  return JSON.stringify({
    model: modelName,
    messages: [
@@ -557,4 +273,4 @@ export function parseModelTestRequestHeadersDraft(
    emptyError: null,
    invalidTypeError: '测试请求头必须是 JSON 对象',
  })
-}
+}
--- a/frontend/src/features/usage/components/RequestDetailDrawer.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/usage/components/RequestDetailDrawer.vue
@@ -159,6 +159,47 @@
              v-else-if="detail"
              class="space-y-4"
            >
+              <!-- 执行失败原因：优先展示本地调度/运行时失败摘要 -->
+              <Card
+                v-if="failureNotice"
+                class="border-red-200 bg-red-50/80 shadow-sm dark:border-red-900/60 dark:bg-red-950/30"
+              >
+                <div class="p-3 sm:p-4 flex gap-3">
+                  <div class="mt-0.5 flex h-8 w-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-red-100 text-red-600 dark:bg-red-900/50 dark:text-red-300">
+                    <AlertTriangle class="h-4 w-4" />
+                  </div>
+                  <div class="min-w-0 flex-1 space-y-2">
+                    <div class="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+                      <h4 class="text-sm font-semibold text-red-950 dark:text-red-100">
+                        {{ failureNotice.title }}
+                      </h4>
+                      <Badge
+                        v-if="failureNotice.isSchedulingFailure"
+                        variant="outline"
+                        class="border-red-300 bg-white/60 text-[10px] text-red-700 dark:border-red-800 dark:bg-red-950/40 dark:text-red-200"
+                      >
+                        调度阶段
+                      </Badge>
+                    </div>
+                    <p class="text-sm leading-6 text-red-900 dark:text-red-100">
+                      {{ failureNotice.message }}
+                    </p>
+                    <div
+                      v-if="failureNotice.meta.length > 0"
+                      class="flex flex-wrap gap-1.5"
+                    >
+                      <span
+                        v-for="item in failureNotice.meta"
+                        :key="item"
+                        class="rounded-full border border-red-200 bg-white/70 px-2 py-0.5 text-[11px] font-mono text-red-700 dark:border-red-900 dark:bg-red-950/50 dark:text-red-200"
+                      >
+                        {{ item }}
+                      </span>
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </Card>
+
              <!-- 费用与性能概览 -->
              <Card>
                <div class="p-3 sm:p-4">
@@ -749,7 +790,7 @@ import Separator from '@/components/ui/separator.vue'
 import Skeleton from '@/components/ui/skeleton.vue'
 import Tabs from '@/components/ui/tabs.vue'
 import TabsContent from '@/components/ui/tabs-content.vue'
-import { Check, Columns2, RefreshCw, X, Monitor, Server, MessageSquareText, Code2, Terminal, Play } from 'lucide-vue-next'
+import { AlertTriangle, Check, Columns2, RefreshCw, X, Monitor, Server, MessageSquareText, Code2, Terminal, Play } from 'lucide-vue-next'
 import { dashboardApi, type RequestDetail, type RequestErrorDomain } from '@/api/dashboard'
 import type { ImageProgress, RequestTrace } from '@/api/requestTrace'
 import { formatApiFormat } from '@/api/endpoints/types/api-format'
@@ -769,6 +810,7 @@ import {
  resolveDisplayRequestStatus,
  resolveUsageStreamLabelSegments,
 } from '../utils/status'
+import { resolveRequestFailureNotice } from '../utils/errorNotice'

 // 子组件
 import RequestHeadersContent from './RequestDetailDrawer/RequestHeadersContent.vue'
@@ -1076,6 +1118,8 @@ const metadataPanelData = computed<Record<string, unknown> | null>(() => {
  return Object.keys(merged).length > 0 ? merged : null
 })

+const failureNotice = computed(() => resolveRequestFailureNotice(detail.value))
+
 const settlementInfo = computed<JsonRecord | null>(() =>
  asRecord(detail.value?.settlement ?? null),
 )
@@ -1985,6 +2029,7 @@ async function ensureBodyContentLoaded() {
      failure_summary: response.failure_summary,
      errors: response.errors,
      error_flow: response.error_flow,
+      scheduling_failure: response.scheduling_failure,
    }
    bodiesLoadedForRequestId.value = cacheKey
  } catch (err) {
@@ -2031,12 +2076,13 @@ async function loadDetail(id: string, silent = false) {
      provider_request_body: sameRequest ? previousDetail?.provider_request_body : undefined,
      response_body: sameRequest ? previousDetail?.response_body : undefined,
      client_response_body: sameRequest ? previousDetail?.client_response_body : undefined,
-      request_error: sameRequest ? (previousDetail?.request_error ?? response.request_error) : response.request_error,
-      upstream_error: sameRequest ? (previousDetail?.upstream_error ?? response.upstream_error) : response.upstream_error,
-      client_error: sameRequest ? (previousDetail?.client_error ?? response.client_error) : response.client_error,
-      failure_summary: sameRequest ? (previousDetail?.failure_summary ?? response.failure_summary) : response.failure_summary,
-      errors: sameRequest ? (previousDetail?.errors ?? response.errors) : response.errors,
-      error_flow: sameRequest ? (previousDetail?.error_flow ?? response.error_flow) : response.error_flow,
+      request_error: response.request_error,
+      upstream_error: response.upstream_error,
+      client_error: response.client_error,
+      failure_summary: response.failure_summary,
+      errors: response.errors,
+      error_flow: response.error_flow,
+      scheduling_failure: response.scheduling_failure,
    }
    bodiesLoadedForRequestId.value = sameRequest ? bodiesLoadedForRequestId.value : null

--- a/frontend/src/features/usage/utils/tests/errorNotice.spec.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/usage/utils/tests/errorNotice.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import type { RequestDetail } from '@/api/dashboard'
+import { resolveRequestFailureNotice } from '../errorNotice'
+
+function buildRequestDetail(overrides: Partial<RequestDetail> = {}): RequestDetail {
+  return {
+    id: 'usage-1',
+    request_id: 'req-1',
+    user: {
+      id: 'user-1',
+      username: 'alice',
+      email: 'alice@example.com',
+    },
+    api_key: {
+      id: 'key-1',
+      name: 'primary',
+      display: 'primary',
+    },
+    provider: 'OpenAI',
+    model: 'gpt-5',
+    tokens: {
+      input: 0,
+      output: 0,
+      total: 0,
+    },
+    cost: {
+      input: 0,
+      output: 0,
+      total: 0,
+    },
+    request_type: 'chat',
+    is_stream: true,
+    status_code: 503,
+    status: 'failed',
+    response_time_ms: 0,
+    created_at: '2026-05-14T10:33:21Z',
+    ...overrides,
+  }
+}
+
+describe('request failure notice', () => {
+  it('prioritizes local scheduling failure details over generic 503 status', () => {
+    const notice = resolveRequestFailureNotice(buildRequestDetail({
+      error_message: 'generic 503',
+      failure_summary: {
+        status_code: 503,
+        message: '没有可用提供商支持模型 gpt-5 的流式请求',
+      },
+      scheduling_failure: {
+        source: 'local_execution_runtime_miss',
+        reason: 'all_candidates_skipped',
+        reason_label: '所有候选均被跳过',
+        title: '本地调度失败：所有候选均被跳过',
+        message: '没有可用提供商支持模型 gpt-5 的流式请求',
+        reason_summary: 'pool_account_exhausted 2 次',
+        status_code: 503,
+        no_upstream_attempt: true,
+      },
+    }))
+
+    expect(notice).toEqual({
+      title: '本地调度失败：所有候选均被跳过',
+      message: '没有可用提供商支持模型 gpt-5 的流式请求',
+      isSchedulingFailure: true,
+      meta: [
+        'pool_account_exhausted 2 次',
+        '所有候选均被跳过',
+        'all_candidates_skipped',
+        'HTTP 503',
+        '未进入上游执行',
+      ],
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to the failure summary for upstream failures', () => {
+    const notice = resolveRequestFailureNotice(buildRequestDetail({
+      failure_summary: {
+        source: 'upstream_response',
+        status_code: 429,
+        type: 'insufficient_quota',
+        message: 'quota exceeded',
+      },
+    }))
+
+    expect(notice).toEqual({
+      title: '执行失败原因',
+      message: 'quota exceeded',
+      isSchedulingFailure: false,
+      meta: ['HTTP 429', 'insufficient_quota', 'upstream_response'],
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('does not show a stale notice when the refreshed detail has no error fields', () => {
+    const notice = resolveRequestFailureNotice(buildRequestDetail({
+      status_code: 200,
+      status: 'completed',
+      error_message: undefined,
+      scheduling_failure: null,
+      failure_summary: null,
+      client_error: null,
+      upstream_error: null,
+      request_error: null,
+    }))
+
+    expect(notice).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
--- a/frontend/src/features/usage/utils/errorNotice.ts
+++ b/frontend/src/features/usage/utils/errorNotice.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import type { RequestDetail, RequestErrorDomain, RequestSchedulingFailure } from '@/api/dashboard'
+
+export interface RequestFailureNotice {
+  title: string
+  message: string
+  meta: string[]
+  isSchedulingFailure: boolean
+}
+
+function nonEmptyString(value: string | null | undefined): string | null {
+  const trimmed = value?.trim()
+  return trimmed ? trimmed : null
+}
+
+function normalizeErrorDomain(domain: RequestErrorDomain | null | undefined): RequestErrorDomain | null {
+  if (!nonEmptyString(domain?.message)) return null
+  return domain ?? null
+}
+
+function formatHttpStatus(statusCode: number | null | undefined): string | null {
+  return typeof statusCode === 'number' ? `HTTP ${statusCode}` : null
+}
+
+function uniqueMeta(values: Array<string | null | undefined>): string[] {
+  return Array.from(new Set(values.map(value => value?.trim()).filter((value): value is string => Boolean(value))))
+}
+
+function schedulingFailureMessage(
+  failure: RequestSchedulingFailure,
+  fallbackDomain: RequestErrorDomain | null,
+  fallbackErrorMessage: string | null,
+): string | null {
+  return nonEmptyString(failure.message)
+    ?? nonEmptyString(fallbackDomain?.message)
+    ?? fallbackErrorMessage
+    ?? nonEmptyString(failure.reason_label)
+    ?? nonEmptyString(failure.reason)
+}
+
+export function resolveRequestFailureNotice(detail: RequestDetail | null | undefined): RequestFailureNotice | null {
+  if (!detail) return null
+
+  const fallbackDomain = normalizeErrorDomain(detail.failure_summary)
+    ?? normalizeErrorDomain(detail.client_error)
+    ?? normalizeErrorDomain(detail.upstream_error)
+    ?? normalizeErrorDomain(detail.request_error)
+  const fallbackErrorMessage = nonEmptyString(detail.error_message ?? null)
+  const schedulingFailure = detail.scheduling_failure ?? null
+
+  if (schedulingFailure) {
+    const message = schedulingFailureMessage(schedulingFailure, fallbackDomain, fallbackErrorMessage)
+    if (message) {
+      return {
+        title: nonEmptyString(schedulingFailure.title) ?? '本地调度失败',
+        message,
+        isSchedulingFailure: true,
+        meta: uniqueMeta([
+          nonEmptyString(schedulingFailure.reason_summary),
+          nonEmptyString(schedulingFailure.reason_label),
+          nonEmptyString(schedulingFailure.reason),
+          formatHttpStatus(schedulingFailure.status_code ?? detail.status_code),
+          schedulingFailure.no_upstream_attempt ? '未进入上游执行' : null,
+        ]),
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const domain = fallbackDomain
+  const message = nonEmptyString(domain?.message) ?? fallbackErrorMessage
+  if (!message) return null
+
+  return {
+    title: '执行失败原因',
+    message,
+    isSchedulingFailure: false,
+    meta: uniqueMeta([
+      formatHttpStatus(domain?.status_code ?? detail.status_code),
+      nonEmptyString(domain?.type),
+      nonEmptyString(domain?.source),
+    ]),
+  }
+}