diff --git a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/KeyAllowedModelsEditDialog.vue b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/KeyAllowedModelsEditDialog.vue
index f93115d..70bdbfd 100644
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/KeyAllowedModelsEditDialog.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/KeyAllowedModelsEditDialog.vue
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
   <Dialog
     :model-value="isOpen"
     title="模型权限"
-    :description="`管理密钥 ${props.apiKey?.name || ''} 可访问的模型，清空右侧列表表示允许全部`"
+    :description="`管理密钥 ${props.apiKey?.name || ''} 可访问的模型`"
     :icon="Shield"
-    size="4xl"
+    size="lg"
     @update:model-value="handleDialogUpdate"
   >
     <template #default>
@@ -20,285 +20,176 @@
           </p>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- 密钥信息头部 -->
-        <div class="rounded-lg border bg-muted/30 p-4">
-          <div class="flex items-start justify-between">
-            <div>
-              <p class="font-semibold text-lg">{{ apiKey?.name }}</p>
-              <p class="text-sm text-muted-foreground font-mono">
-                {{ apiKey?.api_key_masked }}
-              </p>
-            </div>
-            <Badge
-              :variant="allowedModels.length === 0 ? 'default' : 'outline'"
-              class="text-xs"
-            >
-              {{ allowedModels.length === 0 ? '允许全部' : `限制 ${allowedModels.length} 个模型` }}
-            </Badge>
-          </div>
+        <!-- 已选数量提示 -->
+        <div class="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
+          <span v-if="selectedModels.length === 0">允许访问全部模型</span>
+          <span v-else>已选择 {{ selectedModels.length }} 个模型</span>
         </div>
 
-        <!-- 左右对比布局 -->
-        <div class="flex gap-2 items-stretch">
-          <!-- 左侧：可添加的模型 -->
-          <div class="flex-1 space-y-2">
-            <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
-              <p class="text-sm font-medium shrink-0">可添加</p>
-              <div class="flex-1 relative">
-                <Search class="absolute left-2 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-3.5 h-3.5 text-muted-foreground" />
-                <Input
-                  v-model="searchQuery"
-                  placeholder="搜索模型..."
-                  class="pl-7 h-7 text-xs"
-                />
-              </div>
-              <button
-                v-if="upstreamModelsLoaded"
-                type="button"
-                class="p-1.5 hover:bg-muted rounded-md transition-colors shrink-0"
-                title="刷新上游模型"
-                :disabled="fetchingUpstreamModels"
-                @click="fetchUpstreamModels()"
-              >
-                <RefreshCw
-                  class="w-3.5 h-3.5"
-                  :class="{ 'animate-spin': fetchingUpstreamModels }"
-                />
-              </button>
-              <button
-                v-else-if="!fetchingUpstreamModels"
-                type="button"
-                class="p-1.5 hover:bg-muted rounded-md transition-colors shrink-0"
-                title="从提供商获取模型"
-                @click="fetchUpstreamModels()"
-              >
-                <Zap class="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
-              </button>
-              <Loader2
-                v-else
-                class="w-3.5 h-3.5 animate-spin text-muted-foreground shrink-0"
+        <!-- 常驻选择面板 -->
+        <div class="border rounded-lg overflow-hidden">
+          <!-- 搜索 + 操作栏 -->
+          <div class="flex items-center gap-2 p-2 border-b bg-muted/30">
+            <div class="relative flex-1">
+              <Search class="absolute left-2 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 w-4 h-4 text-muted-foreground" />
+              <Input
+                v-model="searchQuery"
+                placeholder="搜索模型或添加自定义模型..."
+                class="pl-8 h-8 text-sm"
               />
             </div>
-            <div class="border rounded-lg h-80 overflow-y-auto">
-              <div
-                v-if="loadingGlobalModels"
-                class="flex items-center justify-center h-full"
-              >
-                <Loader2 class="w-6 h-6 animate-spin text-primary" />
-              </div>
-              <div
-                v-else-if="totalAvailableCount === 0 && !upstreamModelsLoaded"
-                class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full text-muted-foreground"
-              >
-                <Shield class="w-10 h-10 mb-2 opacity-30" />
-                <p class="text-sm">{{ searchQuery ? '无匹配结果' : '暂无可添加模型' }}</p>
-              </div>
-              <div v-else class="p-2 space-y-2">
-                <!-- 全局模型折叠组 -->
-                <div
-                  v-if="availableGlobalModels.length > 0 || !upstreamModelsLoaded"
-                  class="border rounded-lg overflow-hidden"
-                >
-                  <div class="flex items-center gap-2 px-3 py-2 bg-muted/30">
-                    <button
-                      type="button"
-                      class="flex items-center gap-2 flex-1 hover:bg-muted/50 -mx-1 px-1 rounded transition-colors"
-                      @click="toggleGroupCollapse('global')"
-                    >
-                      <ChevronDown
-                        class="w-4 h-4 transition-transform shrink-0"
-                        :class="collapsedGroups.has('global') ? '-rotate-90' : ''"
-                      />
-                      <span class="text-xs font-medium">全局模型</span>
-                      <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                        ({{ availableGlobalModels.length }})
-                      </span>
-                    </button>
-                    <button
-                      v-if="availableGlobalModels.length > 0"
-                      type="button"
-                      class="text-xs text-primary hover:underline shrink-0"
-                      @click.stop="selectAllGlobalModels"
-                    >
-                      {{ isAllGlobalModelsSelected ? '取消' : '全选' }}
-                    </button>
-                  </div>
-                  <div
-                    v-show="!collapsedGroups.has('global')"
-                    class="p-2 space-y-1 border-t"
-                  >
-                    <div
-                      v-if="availableGlobalModels.length === 0"
-                      class="py-4 text-center text-xs text-muted-foreground"
-                    >
-                      所有全局模型均已添加
-                    </div>
-                    <div
-                      v-for="model in availableGlobalModels"
-                      v-else
-                      :key="model.name"
-                      class="flex items-center gap-2 p-2 rounded-lg border transition-colors cursor-pointer"
-                      :class="selectedLeftIds.includes(model.name)
-                        ? 'border-primary bg-primary/10'
-                        : 'hover:bg-muted/50'"
-                      @click="toggleLeftSelection(model.name)"
-                    >
-                      <Checkbox
-                        :checked="selectedLeftIds.includes(model.name)"
-                        @update:checked="toggleLeftSelection(model.name)"
-                        @click.stop
-                      />
-                      <div class="flex-1 min-w-0">
-                        <p class="font-medium text-sm truncate">{{ model.display_name }}</p>
-                        <p class="text-xs text-muted-foreground truncate font-mono">{{ model.name }}</p>
-                      </div>
-                    </div>
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-
-                <!-- 从提供商获取的模型折叠组 -->
-                <div
-                  v-for="group in upstreamModelGroups"
-                  :key="group.api_format"
-                  class="border rounded-lg overflow-hidden"
-                >
-                  <div class="flex items-center gap-2 px-3 py-2 bg-muted/30">
-                    <button
-                      type="button"
-                      class="flex items-center gap-2 flex-1 hover:bg-muted/50 -mx-1 px-1 rounded transition-colors"
-                      @click="toggleGroupCollapse(group.api_format)"
-                    >
-                      <ChevronDown
-                        class="w-4 h-4 transition-transform shrink-0"
-                        :class="collapsedGroups.has(group.api_format) ? '-rotate-90' : ''"
-                      />
-                      <span class="text-xs font-medium">
-                        {{ API_FORMAT_LABELS[group.api_format] || group.api_format }}
-                      </span>
-                      <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                        ({{ group.models.length }})
-                      </span>
-                    </button>
-                    <button
-                      type="button"
-                      class="text-xs text-primary hover:underline shrink-0"
-                      @click.stop="selectAllUpstreamModels(group.api_format)"
-                    >
-                      {{ isUpstreamGroupAllSelected(group.api_format) ? '取消' : '全选' }}
-                    </button>
-                  </div>
-                  <div
-                    v-show="!collapsedGroups.has(group.api_format)"
-                    class="p-2 space-y-1 border-t"
-                  >
-                    <div
-                      v-for="model in group.models"
-                      :key="model.id"
-                      class="flex items-center gap-2 p-2 rounded-lg border transition-colors cursor-pointer"
-                      :class="selectedLeftIds.includes(model.id)
-                        ? 'border-primary bg-primary/10'
-                        : 'hover:bg-muted/50'"
-                      @click="toggleLeftSelection(model.id)"
-                    >
-                      <Checkbox
-                        :checked="selectedLeftIds.includes(model.id)"
-                        @update:checked="toggleLeftSelection(model.id)"
-                        @click.stop
-                      />
-                      <div class="flex-1 min-w-0">
-                        <p class="font-medium text-sm truncate">{{ model.id }}</p>
-                        <p class="text-xs text-muted-foreground truncate font-mono">
-                          {{ model.owned_by || model.id }}
-                        </p>
-                      </div>
-                    </div>
-                  </div>
-                </div>
-              </div>
-            </div>
-          </div>
-
-          <!-- 中间：操作按钮 -->
-          <div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center w-12 shrink-0 gap-2">
+            <button
+              v-if="upstreamModelsLoaded"
+              type="button"
+              class="p-1.5 hover:bg-muted rounded-md transition-colors shrink-0"
+              title="刷新上游模型"
+              :disabled="fetchingUpstreamModels"
+              @click="fetchUpstreamModels()"
+            >
+              <RefreshCw
+                class="w-4 h-4"
+                :class="{ 'animate-spin': fetchingUpstreamModels }"
+              />
+            </button>
             <Button
+              v-else-if="!fetchingUpstreamModels"
               variant="outline"
               size="sm"
-              class="w-9 h-8"
-              :class="selectedLeftIds.length > 0 ? 'border-primary' : ''"
-              :disabled="selectedLeftIds.length === 0"
-              title="添加选中"
-              @click="addSelected"
+              class="h-8"
+              title="从提供商获取模型"
+              @click="fetchUpstreamModels()"
             >
-              <ChevronRight
-                class="w-6 h-6 stroke-[3]"
-                :class="selectedLeftIds.length > 0 ? 'text-primary' : ''"
-              />
-            </Button>
-            <Button
-              variant="outline"
-              size="sm"
-              class="w-9 h-8"
-              :class="selectedRightIds.length > 0 ? 'border-primary' : ''"
-              :disabled="selectedRightIds.length === 0"
-              title="移除选中"
-              @click="removeSelected"
-            >
-              <ChevronLeft
-                class="w-6 h-6 stroke-[3]"
-                :class="selectedRightIds.length > 0 ? 'text-primary' : ''"
-              />
+              <Zap class="w-4 h-4" />
             </Button>
+            <Loader2
+              v-else
+              class="w-4 h-4 animate-spin text-muted-foreground shrink-0"
+            />
           </div>
 
-          <!-- 右侧：已添加的允许模型 -->
-          <div class="flex-1 space-y-2">
-            <div class="flex items-center justify-between">
-              <p class="text-sm font-medium">已添加</p>
-              <Button
-                v-if="allowedModels.length > 0"
-                variant="ghost"
-                size="sm"
-                class="h-6 px-2 text-xs"
-                @click="toggleSelectAllRight"
-              >
-                {{ isAllRightSelected ? '取消' : '全选' }}
-              </Button>
+          <!-- 分组列表 -->
+          <div class="max-h-96 overflow-y-auto">
+            <!-- 加载中 -->
+            <div
+              v-if="loadingGlobalModels"
+              class="flex items-center justify-center py-12"
+            >
+              <Loader2 class="w-6 h-6 animate-spin text-primary" />
             </div>
-            <div class="border rounded-lg h-80 overflow-y-auto">
+
+            <template v-else>
+              <!-- 添加自定义模型（搜索内容不在列表中时显示，固定在顶部） -->
               <div
-                v-if="allowedModels.length === 0"
-                class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full text-muted-foreground"
+                v-if="searchQuery && canAddAsCustom"
+                class="px-3 py-2 border-b bg-background sticky top-0 z-10"
               >
-                <Shield class="w-10 h-10 mb-2 opacity-30" />
-                <p class="text-sm">允许访问全部模型</p>
-                <p class="text-xs mt-1">添加模型以限制访问范围</p>
-              </div>
-              <div v-else class="p-2 space-y-1">
                 <div
-                  v-for="modelName in allowedModels"
-                  :key="'allowed-' + modelName"
-                  class="flex items-center gap-2 p-2 rounded-lg border transition-colors cursor-pointer"
-                  :class="selectedRightIds.includes(modelName)
-                    ? 'border-primary bg-primary/10'
-                    : 'hover:bg-muted/50'"
-                  @click="toggleRightSelection(modelName)"
+                  class="flex items-center justify-between px-3 py-2 rounded-lg border border-dashed hover:border-primary hover:bg-primary/5 cursor-pointer transition-colors"
+                  @click="addCustomModel"
                 >
-                  <Checkbox
-                    :checked="selectedRightIds.includes(modelName)"
-                    @update:checked="toggleRightSelection(modelName)"
-                    @click.stop
-                  />
-                  <div class="flex-1 min-w-0">
-                    <p class="font-medium text-sm truncate">
-                      {{ getModelDisplayName(modelName) }}
-                    </p>
-                    <p class="text-xs text-muted-foreground truncate font-mono">
-                      {{ modelName }}
-                    </p>
+                  <div class="flex items-center gap-2">
+                    <Plus class="w-4 h-4 text-muted-foreground" />
+                    <span class="text-sm font-mono">{{ searchQuery }}</span>
+                  </div>
+                  <span class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">添加自定义模型</span>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+
+              <!-- 自定义模型（手动添加的，始终显示全部，搜索命中的排前面） -->
+              <div v-if="customModels.length > 0">
+                <div class="flex items-center justify-between px-3 py-1.5 bg-muted/50">
+                  <span class="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">自定义模型</span>
+                </div>
+                <div class="space-y-1 p-2">
+                  <div
+                    v-for="model in sortedCustomModels"
+                    :key="model"
+                    class="flex items-center gap-2 px-2 py-1.5 rounded hover:bg-muted cursor-pointer"
+                    @click="toggleModel(model)"
+                  >
+                    <div
+                      class="w-4 h-4 border rounded flex items-center justify-center shrink-0"
+                      :class="selectedModels.includes(model) ? 'bg-primary border-primary' : ''"
+                    >
+                      <Check v-if="selectedModels.includes(model)" class="w-3 h-3 text-primary-foreground" />
+                    </div>
+                    <span class="text-xs font-mono truncate">{{ model }}</span>
                   </div>
                 </div>
               </div>
-            </div>
+
+              <!-- 全局模型 -->
+              <div v-if="filteredGlobalModels.length > 0">
+                <div class="flex items-center justify-between px-3 py-1.5 bg-muted/50">
+                  <span class="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">全局模型</span>
+                  <button
+                    type="button"
+                    class="text-xs text-primary hover:underline"
+                    @click="toggleAllGlobalModels"
+                  >
+                    {{ isAllGlobalModelsSelected ? '取消全选' : '全选' }}
+                  </button>
+                </div>
+                <div class="space-y-1 p-2">
+                  <div
+                    v-for="model in filteredGlobalModels"
+                    :key="model.name"
+                    class="flex items-center gap-2 px-2 py-1.5 rounded hover:bg-muted cursor-pointer"
+                    @click="toggleModel(model.name)"
+                  >
+                    <div
+                      class="w-4 h-4 border rounded flex items-center justify-center shrink-0"
+                      :class="selectedModels.includes(model.name) ? 'bg-primary border-primary' : ''"
+                    >
+                      <Check v-if="selectedModels.includes(model.name)" class="w-3 h-3 text-primary-foreground" />
+                    </div>
+                    <span class="text-xs font-mono truncate">{{ model.name }}</span>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+
+              <!-- 上游模型组 -->
+              <div v-for="group in filteredUpstreamGroups" :key="group.api_format">
+                <div class="flex items-center justify-between px-3 py-1.5 bg-muted/50">
+                  <span class="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">
+                    {{ API_FORMAT_LABELS[group.api_format] || group.api_format }}
+                  </span>
+                  <button
+                    type="button"
+                    class="text-xs text-primary hover:underline"
+                    @click="toggleAllUpstreamGroup(group.api_format)"
+                  >
+                    {{ isUpstreamGroupAllSelected(group.api_format) ? '取消全选' : '全选' }}
+                  </button>
+                </div>
+                <div class="space-y-1 p-2">
+                  <div
+                    v-for="model in group.models"
+                    :key="model.id"
+                    class="flex items-center gap-2 px-2 py-1.5 rounded hover:bg-muted cursor-pointer"
+                    @click="toggleModel(model.id)"
+                  >
+                    <div
+                      class="w-4 h-4 border rounded flex items-center justify-center shrink-0"
+                      :class="selectedModels.includes(model.id) ? 'bg-primary border-primary' : ''"
+                    >
+                      <Check v-if="selectedModels.includes(model.id)" class="w-3 h-3 text-primary-foreground" />
+                    </div>
+                    <span class="text-xs font-mono truncate">{{ model.id }}</span>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+
+              <!-- 空状态 -->
+              <div
+                v-if="filteredGlobalModels.length === 0 && filteredUpstreamGroups.length === 0 && customModels.length === 0"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-12 text-muted-foreground"
+              >
+                <Shield class="w-10 h-10 mb-2 opacity-30" />
+                <p class="text-sm">{{ searchQuery ? '无匹配结果' : '暂无可选模型' }}</p>
+                <p v-if="!upstreamModelsLoaded" class="text-xs mt-1">点击闪电按钮从上游获取模型</p>
+              </div>
+            </template>
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -328,11 +219,10 @@ import {
   RefreshCw,
   Loader2,
   Zap,
-  ChevronRight,
-  ChevronLeft,
-  ChevronDown
+  Plus,
+  Check
 } from 'lucide-vue-next'
-import { Dialog, Button, Input, Checkbox, Badge } from '@/components/ui'
+import { Dialog, Button, Input } from '@/components/ui'
 import { useToast } from '@/composables/useToast'
 import { parseApiError, parseUpstreamModelError } from '@/utils/errorParser'
 import {
@@ -375,73 +265,104 @@ let loadingCancelled = false
 // 搜索
 const searchQuery = ref('')
 
-// 折叠状态
-const collapsedGroups = ref<Set<string>>(new Set())
-
 // 可用模型列表（全局模型）
 const allGlobalModels = ref<AvailableModel[]>([])
 // 上游模型列表
 const upstreamModels = ref<UpstreamModel[]>([])
 
-// 已添加的允许模型（右侧）
-const allowedModels = ref<string[]>([])
-const initialAllowedModels = ref<string[]>([])
+// 已选中的模型
+const selectedModels = ref<string[]>([])
+const initialSelectedModels = ref<string[]>([])
 
-// 选中状态
-const selectedLeftIds = ref<string[]>([])
-const selectedRightIds = ref<string[]>([])
+// 所有添加过的自定义模型（包括已取消勾选的，保存前不消失）
+const allCustomModels = ref<string[]>([])
+
+// 是否为字典模式（按 API 格式区分）
+const isDictMode = ref(false)
 
 // 是否有更改
 const hasChanges = computed(() => {
-  if (allowedModels.value.length !== initialAllowedModels.value.length) return true
-  const sorted1 = [...allowedModels.value].sort()
-  const sorted2 = [...initialAllowedModels.value].sort()
+  if (selectedModels.value.length !== initialSelectedModels.value.length) return true
+  const sorted1 = [...selectedModels.value].sort()
+  const sorted2 = [...initialSelectedModels.value].sort()
   return sorted1.some((v, i) => v !== sorted2[i])
 })
 
-// 计算可添加的全局模型（排除已添加的）
-const availableGlobalModelsBase = computed(() => {
-  const allowedSet = new Set(allowedModels.value)
-  return allGlobalModels.value.filter(m => !allowedSet.has(m.name))
+// 所有已知模型的集合（全局 + 上游）
+const allKnownModels = computed(() => {
+  const set = new Set<string>()
+  allGlobalModels.value.forEach(m => set.add(m.name))
+  upstreamModels.value.forEach(m => set.add(m.id))
+  return set
+})
+
+// 自定义模型列表（显示所有添加过的，不因取消勾选而消失）
+const customModels = computed(() => {
+  return allCustomModels.value
+})
+
+// 排序后的自定义模型（搜索命中的排前面）
+const sortedCustomModels = computed(() => {
+  const search = searchQuery.value.toLowerCase().trim()
+  if (!search) return customModels.value
+
+  const matched: string[] = []
+  const unmatched: string[] = []
+  for (const m of customModels.value) {
+    if (m.toLowerCase().includes(search)) {
+      matched.push(m)
+    } else {
+      unmatched.push(m)
+    }
+  }
+  return [...matched, ...unmatched]
+})
+
+// 判断搜索内容是否可以作为自定义模型添加
+const canAddAsCustom = computed(() => {
+  const search = searchQuery.value.trim()
+  if (!search) return false
+  // 已经选中了就不显示
+  if (selectedModels.value.includes(search)) return false
+  // 已经在自定义模型列表中就不显示
+  if (allCustomModels.value.includes(search)) return false
+  // 精确匹配全局模型就不显示
+  if (allGlobalModels.value.some(m => m.name === search)) return false
+  // 精确匹配上游模型就不显示
+  if (upstreamModels.value.some(m => m.id === search)) return false
+  return true
 })
 
 // 搜索过滤后的全局模型
-const availableGlobalModels = computed(() => {
-  if (!searchQuery.value.trim()) return availableGlobalModelsBase.value
+const filteredGlobalModels = computed(() => {
+  if (!searchQuery.value.trim()) return allGlobalModels.value
   const query = searchQuery.value.toLowerCase()
-  return availableGlobalModelsBase.value.filter(m =>
+  return allGlobalModels.value.filter(m =>
     m.name.toLowerCase().includes(query) ||
     m.display_name.toLowerCase().includes(query)
   )
 })
 
-// 计算可添加的上游模型（排除已添加的）
-const availableUpstreamModelsBase = computed(() => {
-  const allowedSet = new Set(allowedModels.value)
-  return upstreamModels.value.filter(m => !allowedSet.has(m.id))
-})
+// 按 API 格式分组的上游模型（过滤后）
+const filteredUpstreamGroups = computed(() => {
+  if (!upstreamModelsLoaded.value) return []
 
-// 搜索过滤后的上游模型
-const availableUpstreamModels = computed(() => {
-  if (!searchQuery.value.trim()) return availableUpstreamModelsBase.value
-  const query = searchQuery.value.toLowerCase()
-  return availableUpstreamModelsBase.value.filter(m =>
-    m.id.toLowerCase().includes(query) ||
-    (m.owned_by && m.owned_by.toLowerCase().includes(query))
-  )
-})
-
-// 按 API 格式分组的上游模型
-const upstreamModelGroups = computed(() => {
+  const query = searchQuery.value.toLowerCase().trim()
   const groups: Record<string, UpstreamModel[]> = {}
-  for (const model of availableUpstreamModels.value) {
+
+  for (const model of upstreamModels.value) {
+    // 搜索过滤
+    if (query && !model.id.toLowerCase().includes(query)) continue
+
     const format = model.api_format || 'unknown'
     if (!groups[format]) groups[format] = []
     groups[format].push(model)
   }
+
   const order = Object.keys(API_FORMAT_LABELS)
   return Object.entries(groups)
     .map(([api_format, models]) => ({ api_format, models }))
+    .filter(g => g.models.length > 0)
     .sort((a, b) => {
       const aIndex = order.indexOf(a.api_format)
       const bIndex = order.indexOf(b.api_format)
@@ -452,37 +373,75 @@ const upstreamModelGroups = computed(() => {
     })
 })
 
-// 总可添加数量
-const totalAvailableCount = computed(() => {
-  return availableGlobalModels.value.length + availableUpstreamModels.value.length
-})
-
-// 右侧全选状态
-const isAllRightSelected = computed(() =>
-  allowedModels.value.length > 0 &&
-  selectedRightIds.value.length === allowedModels.value.length
-)
-
 // 全局模型是否全选
 const isAllGlobalModelsSelected = computed(() => {
-  if (availableGlobalModels.value.length === 0) return false
-  return availableGlobalModels.value.every(m => selectedLeftIds.value.includes(m.name))
+  if (filteredGlobalModels.value.length === 0) return false
+  return filteredGlobalModels.value.every(m => selectedModels.value.includes(m.name))
 })
 
 // 检查某个上游组是否全选
 function isUpstreamGroupAllSelected(apiFormat: string): boolean {
-  const group = upstreamModelGroups.value.find(g => g.api_format === apiFormat)
+  const group = filteredUpstreamGroups.value.find(g => g.api_format === apiFormat)
   if (!group || group.models.length === 0) return false
-  return group.models.every(m => selectedLeftIds.value.includes(m.id))
+  return group.models.every(m => selectedModels.value.includes(m.id))
 }
 
-// 获取模型显示名称
-function getModelDisplayName(name: string): string {
-  const globalModel = allGlobalModels.value.find(m => m.name === name)
-  if (globalModel) return globalModel.display_name
-  const upstreamModel = upstreamModels.value.find(m => m.id === name)
-  if (upstreamModel) return upstreamModel.id
-  return name
+// 切换模型选中状态
+function toggleModel(modelId: string) {
+  const idx = selectedModels.value.indexOf(modelId)
+  if (idx === -1) {
+    selectedModels.value.push(modelId)
+  } else {
+    selectedModels.value.splice(idx, 1)
+  }
+}
+
+// 添加自定义模型
+function addCustomModel() {
+  const model = searchQuery.value.trim()
+  if (model && !selectedModels.value.includes(model)) {
+    selectedModels.value.push(model)
+    // 同时添加到自定义模型列表（如果不在已知模型中）
+    if (!allKnownModels.value.has(model) && !allCustomModels.value.includes(model)) {
+      allCustomModels.value.push(model)
+    }
+    searchQuery.value = ''
+  }
+}
+
+// 全选/取消全选全局模型
+function toggleAllGlobalModels() {
+  const allNames = filteredGlobalModels.value.map(m => m.name)
+  if (isAllGlobalModelsSelected.value) {
+    // 取消全选
+    selectedModels.value = selectedModels.value.filter(id => !allNames.includes(id))
+  } else {
+    // 全选
+    allNames.forEach(name => {
+      if (!selectedModels.value.includes(name)) {
+        selectedModels.value.push(name)
+      }
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// 全选/取消全选某个上游组
+function toggleAllUpstreamGroup(apiFormat: string) {
+  const group = filteredUpstreamGroups.value.find(g => g.api_format === apiFormat)
+  if (!group) return
+
+  const allIds = group.models.map(m => m.id)
+  if (isUpstreamGroupAllSelected(apiFormat)) {
+    // 取消全选
+    selectedModels.value = selectedModels.value.filter(id => !allIds.includes(id))
+  } else {
+    // 全选
+    allIds.forEach(id => {
+      if (!selectedModels.value.includes(id)) {
+        selectedModels.value.push(id)
+      }
+    })
+  }
 }
 
 // 加载全局模型
@@ -490,7 +449,6 @@ async function loadGlobalModels() {
   loadingGlobalModels.value = true
   try {
     const response = await getGlobalModels({ limit: 1000 })
-    // 检查是否已取消（dialog 已关闭）
     if (loadingCancelled) return
     allGlobalModels.value = response.models.map((m: GlobalModelResponse) => ({
       name: m.name,
@@ -504,25 +462,20 @@ async function loadGlobalModels() {
   }
 }
 
-// 从提供商获取模型（使用当前 key）
+// 从提供商获取模型
 async function fetchUpstreamModels() {
   if (!props.providerId || !props.apiKey) return
   try {
     fetchingUpstreamModels.value = true
-    // 使用当前 key 的 ID 来查询上游模型
     const response = await adminApi.queryProviderModels(props.providerId, props.apiKey.id)
-    // 检查是否已取消
     if (loadingCancelled) return
     if (response.success && response.data?.models) {
       upstreamModels.value = response.data.models
       upstreamModelsLoaded.value = true
-      const allGroups = new Set(['global'])
-      for (const model of response.data.models) {
-        if (model.api_format) allGroups.add(model.api_format)
-      }
-      collapsedGroups.value = allGroups
+      // 获取上游模型后，从自定义模型列表中移除已变成已知的模型
+      const upstreamIds = new Set(response.data.models.map((m: UpstreamModel) => m.id))
+      allCustomModels.value = allCustomModels.value.filter(m => !upstreamIds.has(m))
     } else {
-      // 使用友好的错误解析
       const errorMsg = response.data?.error
         ? parseUpstreamModelError(response.data.error)
         : '获取上游模型失败'
@@ -530,7 +483,6 @@ async function fetchUpstreamModels() {
     }
   } catch (err: any) {
     if (loadingCancelled) return
-    // 使用友好的错误解析
     const rawError = err.response?.data?.detail || err.message || '获取上游模型失败'
     showError(parseUpstreamModelError(rawError), '获取上游模型失败')
   } finally {
@@ -538,19 +490,6 @@ async function fetchUpstreamModels() {
   }
 }
 
-// 切换折叠状态
-function toggleGroupCollapse(group: string) {
-  if (collapsedGroups.value.has(group)) {
-    collapsedGroups.value.delete(group)
-  } else {
-    collapsedGroups.value.add(group)
-  }
-  collapsedGroups.value = new Set(collapsedGroups.value)
-}
-
-// 是否为字典模式（按 API 格式区分）
-const isDictMode = ref(false)
-
 // 解析 allowed_models
 function parseAllowedModels(allowed: AllowedModels): string[] {
   if (allowed === null || allowed === undefined) {
@@ -570,98 +509,25 @@ function parseAllowedModels(allowed: AllowedModels): string[] {
   return Array.from(all)
 }
 
-// 左侧选择
-function toggleLeftSelection(name: string) {
-  const idx = selectedLeftIds.value.indexOf(name)
-  if (idx === -1) {
-    selectedLeftIds.value.push(name)
-  } else {
-    selectedLeftIds.value.splice(idx, 1)
-  }
-}
-
-// 右侧选择
-function toggleRightSelection(name: string) {
-  const idx = selectedRightIds.value.indexOf(name)
-  if (idx === -1) {
-    selectedRightIds.value.push(name)
-  } else {
-    selectedRightIds.value.splice(idx, 1)
-  }
-}
-
-// 右侧全选切换
-function toggleSelectAllRight() {
-  if (isAllRightSelected.value) {
-    selectedRightIds.value = []
-  } else {
-    selectedRightIds.value = [...allowedModels.value]
-  }
-}
-
-// 全选全局模型
-function selectAllGlobalModels() {
-  const allNames = availableGlobalModels.value.map(m => m.name)
-  const allSelected = allNames.every(name => selectedLeftIds.value.includes(name))
-  if (allSelected) {
-    selectedLeftIds.value = selectedLeftIds.value.filter(id => !allNames.includes(id))
-  } else {
-    const newNames = allNames.filter(name => !selectedLeftIds.value.includes(name))
-    selectedLeftIds.value.push(...newNames)
-  }
-}
-
-// 全选某个 API 格式的上游模型
-function selectAllUpstreamModels(apiFormat: string) {
-  const group = upstreamModelGroups.value.find(g => g.api_format === apiFormat)
-  if (!group) return
-  const allIds = group.models.map(m => m.id)
-  const allSelected = allIds.every(id => selectedLeftIds.value.includes(id))
-  if (allSelected) {
-    selectedLeftIds.value = selectedLeftIds.value.filter(id => !allIds.includes(id))
-  } else {
-    const newIds = allIds.filter(id => !selectedLeftIds.value.includes(id))
-    selectedLeftIds.value.push(...newIds)
-  }
-}
-
-// 添加选中的模型到右侧
-function addSelected() {
-  for (const name of selectedLeftIds.value) {
-    if (!allowedModels.value.includes(name)) {
-      allowedModels.value.push(name)
-    }
-  }
-  selectedLeftIds.value = []
-}
-
-// 从右侧移除选中的模型
-function removeSelected() {
-  allowedModels.value = allowedModels.value.filter(
-    name => !selectedRightIds.value.includes(name)
-  )
-  selectedRightIds.value = []
-}
-
 // 监听对话框打开
 watch(() => props.open, async (open) => {
   if (open && props.apiKey) {
-    // 重置取消标志
     loadingCancelled = false
 
     const parsed = parseAllowedModels(props.apiKey.allowed_models ?? null)
-    allowedModels.value = [...parsed]
-    initialAllowedModels.value = [...parsed]
-    selectedLeftIds.value = []
-    selectedRightIds.value = []
+    selectedModels.value = [...parsed]
+    initialSelectedModels.value = [...parsed]
     searchQuery.value = ''
     upstreamModels.value = []
     upstreamModelsLoaded.value = false
-    collapsedGroups.value = new Set()
+    allCustomModels.value = []
 
     await loadGlobalModels()
+
+    // 加载全局模型后，从已选中的模型中提取自定义模型（不在全局模型中的）
+    const globalModelNames = new Set(allGlobalModels.value.map(m => m.name))
+    allCustomModels.value = selectedModels.value.filter(m => !globalModelNames.has(m))
   } else {
-    // dialog 关闭时设置取消标志
     loadingCancelled = true
   }
 })
@@ -684,9 +550,8 @@ async function handleSave() {
 
   saving.value = true
   try {
-    // 空列表 = null（允许全部）
-    const newAllowed: AllowedModels = allowedModels.value.length > 0
-      ? [...allowedModels.value]
+    const newAllowed: AllowedModels = selectedModels.value.length > 0
+      ? [...selectedModels.value]
       : null
 
     await updateProviderKey(props.apiKey.id, { allowed_models: newAllowed })
diff --git a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ModelMappingDialog.vue b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ModelMappingDialog.vue
index 74b9ad0..cb3d9ed 100644
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ModelMappingDialog.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ModelMappingDialog.vue
@@ -377,6 +377,7 @@ const props = defineProps<{
   providerApiFormats: string[]
   models: Model[]
   editingGroup?: AliasGroup | null
+  preselectedModelId?: string | null
 }>()
 
 const emit = defineEmits<{
@@ -500,7 +501,7 @@ function initForm() {
     }
   } else {
     formData.value = {
-      modelId: '',
+      modelId: props.preselectedModelId || '',
       apiFormats: [],
       aliases: []
     }
diff --git a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ProviderDetailDrawer.vue b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ProviderDetailDrawer.vue
index bfb4811..1ce07db 100644
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ProviderDetailDrawer.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/ProviderDetailDrawer.vue
@@ -357,6 +357,7 @@
                 @edit-model="handleEditModel"
                 @delete-model="handleDeleteModel"
                 @batch-assign="handleBatchAssign"
+                @add-mapping="handleAddMapping"
               />
 
               <!-- 模型名称映射 -->
@@ -951,6 +952,11 @@ function handleBatchAssign() {
   batchAssignDialogOpen.value = true
 }
 
+// 处理添加映射（从 ModelsTab 触发）
+function handleAddMapping(model: Model) {
+  modelAliasesTabRef.value?.openAddDialogForModel(model.id)
+}
+
 // 处理批量关联完成
 async function handleBatchAssignChanged() {
   await loadProvider()
diff --git a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelAliasesTab.vue b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelAliasesTab.vue
index 322bbc2..8a31b38 100644
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelAliasesTab.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelAliasesTab.vue
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@
     :provider-api-formats="providerApiFormats"
     :models="models"
     :editing-group="editingGroup"
+    :preselected-model-id="preselectedModelId"
     @saved="onDialogSaved"
   />
 
@@ -219,6 +220,7 @@ const deleteConfirmOpen = ref(false)
 const editingGroup = ref<AliasGroup | null>(null)
 const deletingGroup = ref<AliasGroup | null>(null)
 const testingMapping = ref<string | null>(null)
+const preselectedModelId = ref<string | null>(null)
 
 // 列表展开状态
 const expandedAliasGroups = ref<Set<string>>(new Set())
@@ -311,12 +313,21 @@ function toggleAliasGroupExpand(groupKey: string) {
 // 打开添加对话框
 function openAddDialog() {
   editingGroup.value = null
+  preselectedModelId.value = null
+  dialogOpen.value = true
+}
+
+// 打开添加对话框并预选模型（供外部调用）
+function openAddDialogForModel(modelId: string) {
+  editingGroup.value = null
+  preselectedModelId.value = modelId
   dialogOpen.value = true
 }
 
 // 编辑分组
 function editGroup(group: AliasGroup) {
   editingGroup.value = group
+  preselectedModelId.value = null
   dialogOpen.value = true
 }
 
@@ -416,8 +427,9 @@ onMounted(() => {
   }
 })
 
-// 暴露给父组件，用于检测是否有弹窗打开
+// 暴露给父组件
 defineExpose({
-  dialogOpen: computed(() => dialogOpen.value || deleteConfirmOpen.value)
+  dialogOpen: computed(() => dialogOpen.value || deleteConfirmOpen.value),
+  openAddDialogForModel
 })
 </script>
diff --git a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelsTab.vue b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelsTab.vue
index b0053dd..2645ce7 100644
--- a/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelsTab.vue
+++ b/frontend/src/features/providers/components/provider-tabs/ModelsTab.vue
@@ -34,13 +34,10 @@
       <table class="w-full text-sm table-fixed">
         <thead class="bg-muted/50 text-xs uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
           <tr>
-            <th class="text-left px-4 py-3 font-semibold w-[40%]">
+            <th class="text-left px-4 py-3 font-semibold w-[50%]">
               模型
             </th>
-            <th class="text-left px-4 py-3 font-semibold w-[15%]">
-              能力
-            </th>
-            <th class="text-left px-4 py-3 font-semibold w-[25%]">
+            <th class="text-left px-4 py-3 font-semibold w-[30%]">
               价格 ($/M)
             </th>
             <th class="text-center px-4 py-3 font-semibold w-[20%]">
@@ -80,42 +77,6 @@
                 </div>
               </div>
             </td>
-            <td class="align-top px-4 py-3">
-              <div
-                v-if="hasAnyCapability(model)"
-                class="grid grid-cols-3 gap-1 w-fit"
-              >
-                <Zap
-                  v-if="model.effective_supports_streaming ?? model.supports_streaming"
-                  class="w-4 h-4 text-muted-foreground"
-                  title="流式输出"
-                />
-                <Image
-                  v-if="model.effective_supports_image_generation ?? model.supports_image_generation"
-                  class="w-4 h-4 text-muted-foreground"
-                  title="图像生成"
-                />
-                <Eye
-                  v-if="model.effective_supports_vision ?? model.supports_vision"
-                  class="w-4 h-4 text-muted-foreground"
-                  title="视觉理解"
-                />
-                <Wrench
-                  v-if="model.effective_supports_function_calling ?? model.supports_function_calling"
-                  class="w-4 h-4 text-muted-foreground"
-                  title="工具调用"
-                />
-                <Brain
-                  v-if="model.effective_supports_extended_thinking ?? model.supports_extended_thinking"
-                  class="w-4 h-4 text-muted-foreground"
-                  title="深度思考"
-                />
-              </div>
-              <span
-                v-else
-                class="text-xs text-muted-foreground"
-              >—</span>
-            </td>
             <td class="align-top px-4 py-3 text-xs whitespace-nowrap">
               <div
                 class="grid gap-1"
@@ -156,6 +117,15 @@
             </td>
             <td class="align-top px-4 py-3">
               <div class="flex justify-center gap-1.5">
+                <Button
+                  variant="ghost"
+                  size="icon"
+                  class="h-8 w-8"
+                  title="添加映射"
+                  @click="addMapping(model)"
+                >
+                  <Link class="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
+                </Button>
                 <Button
                   variant="ghost"
                   size="icon"
@@ -209,7 +179,7 @@
 
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { ref, computed, onMounted } from 'vue'
-import { Box, Edit, Trash2, Layers, Eye, Wrench, Zap, Brain, Power, Copy, Image } from 'lucide-vue-next'
+import { Box, Edit, Trash2, Layers, Power, Copy, Link } from 'lucide-vue-next'
 import Card from '@/components/ui/card.vue'
 import Button from '@/components/ui/button.vue'
 import { useToast } from '@/composables/useToast'
@@ -225,6 +195,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits<{
   'editModel': [model: Model]
   'deleteModel': [model: Model]
   'batchAssign': []
+  'addMapping': [model: Model]
 }>()
 
 const { error: showError, success: showSuccess } = useToast()
@@ -276,17 +247,6 @@ function formatPrice(price: number | null | undefined): string {
   return price.toFixed(4)
 }
 
-// 检查模型是否有任何能力
-function hasAnyCapability(model: Model): boolean {
-  return !!(
-    (model.effective_supports_vision ?? model.supports_vision) ||
-    (model.effective_supports_function_calling ?? model.supports_function_calling) ||
-    (model.effective_supports_streaming ?? model.supports_streaming) ||
-    (model.effective_supports_extended_thinking ?? model.supports_extended_thinking) ||
-    (model.effective_supports_image_generation ?? model.supports_image_generation)
-  )
-}
-
 // 检查是否有按 Token 计费
 function hasTokenPricing(model: Model): boolean {
   const inputPrice = model.effective_input_price
@@ -355,6 +315,11 @@ function deleteModel(model: Model) {
   emit('deleteModel', model)
 }
 
+// 添加映射
+function addMapping(model: Model) {
+  emit('addMapping', model)
+}
+
 // 打开批量关联对话框
 function openBatchAssignDialog() {
   emit('batchAssign')